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ASTM D3512/D3512M-10e1

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Random Tumble Pilling Tester

Standard Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Random Tumble Pilling Tester

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Acceptance Testing—This method of testing fabrics for resistance to pilling is not recommended for acceptance testing. If it is used for acceptance testing, it should be used with caution because the between-laboratory precision is poor. In some cases the purchaser and the supplier may have to test a commercial shipment of one or more specific materials by the best available test method, even though the test method is not recommended for acceptance testing.
If there are differences or practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, the test samples should be used that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
The pilling of textile fabrics is a very complex property because it is affected by many factors which may include type of fiber or blends, fiber dimensions, yarn and fabric construction, fabric finishing treatments and refurbishing method. Testing before refurbishing may be adviseable. The pilling resistance of a specific fabric in actual wear varies more with general conditions of use and individual wearers than in replicate fabric specimens subjected to controlled laboratory tests. This experience should be borne in mind when adopting levels of acceptability for any series of standards.  
Pills vary appreciably in size and appearance and depend on the presence...
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1.1 This test method covers the resistance to the formation of pills and other related surface changes on textile fabrics using the random tumble pilling tester. The procedure is generally applicable to all types of woven and knitted apparel fabrics.
Note 1—For other test methods for the pilling resistance of textiles, refer to Test Methods D3511, D3514, and D4970.  
1.2 Some fabrics that have been treated with a silicone resin may not be satisfactorily tested by this procedure because the silicone resin may transfer onto the cork liners in the test chamber and cause erroneous results.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-May-2010
ICS
59.080.30 - Textile fabrics
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.60 - Fabric Physical Test Methods B
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D3512/D3512M-10 - Standard Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Random Tumble Pilling Tester
Effective Date
01-Jun-2010
Replaced By
ASTM D3512/D3512M-10e2 - Standard Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Random Tumble Pilling Tester
Effective Date
01-Jun-2010
Referred By
ASTM D3514/D3514M-16(2020) - Standard Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Elastomeric Pad
Effective Date
01-Jun-2010
Referred By
ASTM D4970/D4970M-22 - Standard Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Martindale Tester
Effective Date
01-Jun-2010
Referred By
ASTM D3511/D3511M-16(2022) - Standard Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Brush Pilling Tester
Effective Date
01-Jun-2010
Referred By
ASTM D4850-23 - Standard Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test Methods
Effective Date
01-Jun-2010

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ASTM D3512/D3512M-10e1 - Standard Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Random Tumble Pilling TesterASTM D3512/D3512M-10e1 - Standard Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Random Tumble Pilling Tester
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ASTM D3512/D3512M-10e1 - Standard Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Random Tumble Pilling Tester
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
´1
Designation:D3512/D3512M–10
Standard Test Method for
Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of
1
Textile Fabrics: Random Tumble Pilling Tester
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3512/D3512M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
´ NOTE—Reference to E104 in 6.1.1 was corrected editorially to F104 in September 2010. Also, Fig. 2 was updated to
correctly show SI units with in./lb units in brackets.
1. Scope D3511 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Re-
lated Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Brush Pilling
1.1 This test method covers the resistance to the formation
Tester
of pills and other related surface changes on textile fabrics
D3514 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Re-
using the random tumble pilling tester. The procedure is
lated Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Elastomeric Pad
generally applicable to all types of woven and knitted apparel
D4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test
fabrics.
Methods
NOTE 1—For other test methods for the pilling resistance of textiles,
D4970 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Re-
refer to Test Methods D3511, D3514, and D4970.
lated Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Martindale
1.2 Some fabrics that have been treated with a silicone resin
Tester
may not be satisfactorily tested by this procedure because the
F104 Classification System for Nonmetallic Gasket Mate-
silicone resin may transfer onto the cork liners in the test
rials
chamber and cause erroneous results.
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
12-435120-00 Set of 5 Photographic Standards for Random
3
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
Tumble Pilling Test
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
3. Terminology
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
3.1 For all terminology related to D13.59, Fabric Test
with the standard.
Methods, General, see Terminology D4850.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.1 Thefollowingtermsarerelevanttothisstandard:fuzz,
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
pilling resistance, pills.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, see Termi-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
nology D123.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4. Summary of Test Method
2. Referenced Documents
4.1 Pilling and other changes in surface appearance, such as
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
fuzzing, that occur in normal wear are simulated on a labora-
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
tory testing machine. Pills are caused to form on fabric by a
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
random rubbing action produced by tumbling specimens in a
cylindrical test chamber lined with a mildly abrasive material.
Toformpillswithappearanceandstructurethatresemblethose
produced in actual wear, small amounts of short-length gray
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 onTextiles
cotton fiber are added to each test chamber with the specimens.
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods,
Specific. The degree of fabric pilling is evaluated by comparison of the
Current edition approved June 1, 2010. Published August 2010. Originally
tested specimens with visual standards that may be actual
approved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D3512 – 07. DOI:
fabrics, or photographs of fabrics, showing a range of pilling
10.1520/D3512-10E01.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.
the ASTM website. ADJD3512.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
´1
D3512/D3512M–10
resistance. The observed resistance to pilling is reported using actual fabrics or photographs of fabrics, showing a range of
an arbitrary rating scale. pilling resistance.The observed resistance to pilling is reported
on an arbitrary scale ranging from 5 (no pilling) to 1 (very
5. Significance and Use
severe pilling).
5.1 Acceptance Testing—This method of testing fabrics for
5.5 This test method is app
...

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5.1 The measurement of the resistance to abrasion of textile and other materials is very complex. The resistance to abrasion is affected by many factors, such as the inherent mechanical properties of the fibers; the dimensions of the fibers; the structure of the yarns; the construction of the fabrics; and the type, kind, and amount of finishing material added to the fibers, yarns, or fabric.  
5.2 The resistance to abrasion is also greatly affected by the conditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant; variable action of the abradant over the area of specimen abraded, the tension of the specimen, the pressure between the specimen and abradant, and the dimensional changes in the specimen.  
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5.4 The resistance of textile materials to abrasion as measured on a testing machine in the laboratory is generally only one of several factors contributing to wear performance or durability as experienced in the actual use of the material. While “abrasion resistance” (often stated in terms of the number of cycles on a specified machine, using a specified technique to produce a spe...
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Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Martindale Abrasion Tester Method)

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5.1 Acceptance Testing—this test method is not considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of fabric. The between-laboratory precision of this test method is poor and, because of the nature of abrasion testing itself, technicians frequently fail to obtain results in agreement on the same type of testing instrument, both within and between laboratories. Although this test method is not recommended for acceptance testing, it is useful because it is used widely, especially outside the United States.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abrasion resistance of textile fabrics using the Martindale abrasion tester. The method is generally applicable to knit, woven, and nonwoven fabrics; however, material thickness may limit suitability for testing due to specimen holder capacity.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: For other current test methods of testing the abrasion resistance of textiles refer to Test Methods D3884, D3885, D3886, D4157, D4158, and AATCC TM93.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4970/D4970M-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Martindale Tester

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Acceptance Testing—This method of testing fabrics resistance to pilling is not recommended for acceptance testing. If it is used for acceptance testing, it should be used with caution because interlaboratory data are not available. In some cases the purchaser or supplier may have to test a commercial shipment of one or more specific materials by the best available method even though the method has not been recommended for acceptance testing. Although this test method is not recommended for acceptance testing, it is useful because it is used widely outside the United States.  
5.2 If there is a disagreement arising from differences in values reported by the purchaser and the supplier when using this test method, the statistical bias, if any, between the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of the supplier should be determined with comparison being based on testing specimens randomly drawn from one sample of material of the type being evaluated. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. A minimum of two parties should take a group of test specimens, which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens then should be assigned randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average test results from the two laboratories should be compared using an acceptable statistical protocol and probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is started. Appropriate statistical disciplines for comparing data must be used when the purchaser and supplier cannot agree. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future results with consideration for the known bias.  
5.3 The pilling of textile fabrics is a very complex property because it is affected by many factors that include type of fiber or blends, fiber dimensions, yarn and fabric construction, and fabric f...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance to the formation of pills and other related surface changes on textile fabrics using the Martindale tester.
Note 1: For other methods, if testing the pilling resistance of textiles, refer to Test Methods D3511/D3511M, D3512/D3512M, and D3514.  
1.2 This test method is generally applicable to knit, woven, and nonwoven fabrics; however, material thickness may limit suitability for testing due to specimen holder capacity.  
1.3 The fabric may be laundered or dry cleaned before testing as agreed upon among interested parties.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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