ASTM F2191-02(2008)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation:F2191 −02(Reapproved 2008) An American National Standard
Standard Specification for
Packing Material, Graphitic or Carbon Braided Yarn
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2191; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D3178Test Methods for Carbon and Hydrogen in the
Analysis Sample of Coal and Coke (Withdrawn 2007)
1.1 This specification covers staple or continuous filament
D3684Test Method for Total Mercury in Coal by the
carbon/graphiteyarnvalvestemcompressionpacking,suitable
Oxygen BombCombustion/Atomic Absorption Method
for use as end-rings on packing systems for valves. Intended
D3761Test Method for Total Fluorine in Coal by the
servicesincludesteam,hydrocarbons,waterandnon-oxidizing
Oxygen Bomb Combustion/Ion Selective Electrode
chemicals. Where this specification is invoked as ASTM
Method
F2191, Sections 1-18 apply. Where this specification is in-
D3951Practice for Commercial Packaging
voked as ASTM/DoD F2191, Sections 1-18 and the Supple-
D4239Test Method for Sulfur in the Analysis Sample of
mentary Requirements are applicable.
Coal and Coke Using High-Temperature Tube Furnace
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
Combustion
standard.
2.2 Military Standards:
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the 4
MIL-STD-129 Marking for Shipment and Storage
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
MIL-P-24583 Packing Material, Graphitic or Carbon
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 4
Braided Yarn
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
MIL-P-24503Packing Material, Graphitic, Corrugated Rib-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
bon or Textured Tape and Preformed Ring
2.3 Fluid Sealing Association Handbook:
2. Referenced Documents
Guidelines for the Use of Compression Packings, Copyright
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C135Test Method for True Specific Gravity of Refractory
Materials by Water Immersion
3. Terminology
C561Test Method for Ash in a Graphite Sample
3.1 base fiber density—bulk density of the base fiber before
C562Test Method for Moisture in a Graphite Sample
being coated or impregnated and braided into packing; ex-
C816Test Method for Sulfur in Graphite by Combustion-
pressed as lb/ft .
Iodometric Titration Method
3.2 braided flexible graphite—a braid constructed of con-
C889Test Methods for Chemical and Mass Spectrometric
tinuous strands or strips of expanded flexible graphite tape or
Analysis of Nuclear-Grade Gadolinium Oxide (Gd O )
2 3
ribbons which may have been overwrapped or have imbedded
Powder
reinforcing fibers.
D129Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-
eral High Pressure Decomposition Device Method)
3.3 carbon fibers—fibers used in braided packing are pro-
D512Test Methods for Chloride Ion In Water duced from viscose rayon, pitch, or polyacrylonitrile (PAN)
D1179Test Methods for Fluoride Ion in Water andaredefinedasayarnwithacarbonassayoflessthan99%.
D1246Test Method for Bromide Ion in Water
3.4 carbon yarns—manufactured from continuous or staple
carbon fibers that are twisted or plied into continuous indi-
vidual strands of between 6 and 18 µm in diameter.
This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F25 on Ships
and Marine Technology and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F25.02 on
Insulation/Processes.
CurrenteditionapprovedMay1,2008.PublishedJuly2008.Originallyapproved The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as F2191-02. DOI: 10.1520/ www.astm.org.
F2191-02R08. Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4,
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http://
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM www.dodssp.daps.mil.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from the Fluid Sealing Association, 994 Old Eagle School Road,
the ASTM website. Suite 1019, Wayne, PA 19087-1866.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F2191−02 (2008)
TABLE 2 Detrimental Materials (Class 2 only (see 13.8))
3.5 carbon/graphite fibers—carbon/graphite fibers used in
braided packing are produced from viscose rayon, pitch, or Maximum Allowable
Total
polyacrylonitrile (PAN).
Element Impurity Levels in
parts per million
3.6 center or corner filler strands—strandsoffiber/yarnthat
(ppm)
run parallel to the longitudinal axis of the braid in the corners
Mercury (Hg) 10
or center to control the internal density and dimensional
Sulfur (S) 750
stability of the braid.
Total halogens (chlorine, bromine, and fluorine) 500
Chlorine (Cl) 250
3.7 continuous—individual fibers are almost infinite in
Bromine (Br) 250
length.
Fluorine (F) 250
3.8 continuous or staple carbon/graphite—continuous or
staple defines the length of the individual fibers in the
carbonaceous yarn. Continuous means the fibers are infinite in
3.18 specific gravity—the ratio of the mass of a unit volume
lengthandstaplemeanstheindividualfibersareatleast75mm
of a material at a stated temperature to the mass of the same
(3 in.) long and preferably 150 to 200 mm (6 to 8 in.) long.All
volume of distilled water at the same temperature.
of the fibers are between 6 to 18 µm in diameter and are
3.19 square plait braid—the strands in this type of braid
twisted/plied into continuous strands called yarns.
interlock in a single plane and do not interlock through the
3.9 corrosion inhibitors—additives to the yarn or braid to
body of the braid (see Fig. 1).
function in a passive or sacrificial manner to reduce galvanic
3.20 staple carbon/graphite—individual fibers are at least
corrosion such as embedded zinc powder, phosphorus, or
75 mm (3 in.) long and preferably 150 to 200 mm (6 to 8 in.)
barium molybdate.
long.
3.10 detrimental materials—abrasive or chemically active
3.21 unraveling—a loss of the original braiding shape or
constituents such as abrasive ash particles (in high ash content
dimensionsofthecutendextendingfromthecutforadistance
foils) or elemental materials as in Table 2.
greater than that specified along the axis of the packing.
3.11 diagonal interlocking braid—these strands criss-cross
4. Classification
fromthesurfaceofthebraiddiagonallythroughthebodyofthe
braid and each strand is strongly locked by other strands to
4.1 Classification—The material shall be of the following
form an integral structure (see Fig. 1).
types, classes, and grades, as specified (see 5.1):
4.1.1 Type I—Continuous carbon or graphite yarn.
3.12 dispersion—various coatings or impregnants added to
4.1.2 Type II—Staple carbon or graphite yarn.
the base fibers or braid to facilitate handling, lubricate the
4.1.3 Type III—Braided flexible graphite.
fibers,acceleratebreak-in,oractasblockingagentsduringuse.
4.1.3.1 Class 1—For use where detrimental material and
3.13 graphite fibers—fibers used in braided packing are
lubricant content of the packing need not be controlled beyond
producedfromviscoserayon,pitch,orpolyacrylonitrile(PAN)
normal manufacturing limits.
andaredefinedasayarnwithacarbonassayof99%orhigher.
4.1.3.2 Class 2—For use where detrimental materials con-
3.14 graphite yarns—manufactured from continuous or
tent must be controlled to limits specified herein.
staple graphite fibers that are twisted or plied into continuous
4.1.3.3 Class 3—For use where detrimental materials con-
individual strands between 6 to 18 µm in diameter.
tent need not be controlled beyond normal manufacturing
3.15 lot—all finished packing of one size, type, class, and
limits, and media temperatures do not exceed 500°F (260°C).
grade produced in a continuous run or at the same time and
(1) Grade A—Treated with corrosion inhibitor.
under essentially the same conditions.
(2) Grade B—No corrosion inhibitor.
3.16 PAN—polyacrylonitrile fibers used as precursors to
5. Ordering Information
manufacture carbon/graphite for braided packing.
5.1 Acquisition Requirements—Acquisition documents
3.17 PTFE—polytetrafluoroethylene.(Warning—Graphitic
must specify the following:
valve packing containing PTFE has been associated with
5.1.1 Title, number, and date of this specification.
accelerated valve stem corrosion.)
5.1.2 Type, Class and Grade required (see Section 4).
5.1.3 Carbon or graphite.
5.1.4 Type of corrosion inhibitor.
TABLE 1 Chemical and Physical Properties
5.1.5 Chemical properties (see 7.1).
Property Value Test
5.1.6 Inspection, testing, and certification of the material
Carbon Assay
shallbeagreeduponbetweenthepurchaserandthesupplieras
Graphitic 99 % by mass, min. 13.4
Carbon 95 % by mass, min. 13.4
part of the purchase contract.
Ash 1 % by mass, max. 13.5
5.1.7 Size required (see 9.1). When pre-cut rings are de-
Finished Packing (in as-
supplied state): sired, specify the braid cross-section, inside diameter, outside
Specific gravity 1.38 g/cc, min. 13.6
diameter, and number of rings required.
Moisture content 3 %, max. 13.7
5.1.8 Put-up, if other than required by Table S4.1 (see
Compression recovery 25 %, min. 13.10
Supplementary Requirements).
F2191−02 (2008)
FIG. 1Packing Construction
5.1.9 Application data. 6.1.2.2 Class 2 packing shall be made of Type I yarn and
5.1.10 Packaging requirements (see Section 18 and Supple- shall have a pure graphite or carbon dispersion.
mentary Requirements). 6.1.2.3 Class 3 packing shall be made of Type I or Type II
5.1.11 Marking requirements (see 17.1 and Supplementary yarn and shall have a pure graphite, or carbon dispersion and
Requirements). may be coated with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) (see 7.2
and 13.9).
6. Materials and Manufacture
6.1.3 Coating and Corrosion Inhibiting Treatments:
6.1 Materials and Manufacture—The material shall be as 6.1.3.1 Grade A—GradeApacking shall be provided with a
powdered zinc (Zn) active corrosion inhibiting treatment or a
specified in 6.1.1-6.1.5.
6.1.1 Yarn: passive inhibiting treatment such as phosphorus or barium
molybdate. If required, both active and passive inhibitors shall
6.1.1.1 TypeIpackingshallbemadeofcontinuousfilament
carbon or graphite yarn. be used.
6.1.1.2 Type II shall be made of staple carbon or graphite 6.1.3.2 Grade B—Grade B packing shall not contain corro-
yarn. sion inhibiting additives.
6.1.1.3 Type III shall be made of flexible graphite. 6.1.4 Packing Construction (Type I and Type II)—Packing
6.1.2 Packing: shall be square (plait) braided for cross-sectional sizes smaller
1 1
6.1.2.1 Class 1 packing shall be made of Type I or Type II than6mm( ⁄4 in.). Cross-sectional sizes of 6 mm ( ⁄4 in.) or
yarn and shall have a pure graphitic dispersion or carbon greatershalluseadiagonalinterlockingtypeconstruction.The
dispersion. diagonal interlocking constructions shall consist of either
F2191−02 (2008)
singleorpliedyarnsbraidedon12,18,20,24,32,or36carrier sured using a ground dimensional plug gauge and the outside
braidingmachines.Additionalaxialcenter,corner,and(stuffer) diameter is measured by the above (caliper) while the plug is
warp yarn(s) can be added within the braid as necessary to inserted. Information regarding tolerance and measurement is
produceadensesquarecross-sectionpackingprofilewithgood available in the Guidelines for the Use of Compression
dimensional stability. Packings published by the FSA.
6.1.5 Mercury Exclusion—During manufacturing, fabrica-
10. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance
tion, handling, packaging, and packing, the packing material
shall not come in contact with mercury or mercury containing
10.1 Workmanship—The packing shall be free of defects
compounds.
that have the potential to affect its serviceability as defined in
Table 5.
7. Properties
10.2 Construction—The sample shall be visually examined
7.1 Chemical and Physical Properties—Unless otherwise
and confirmed to be of the correct braid construction (square
specified, the properties of the finished packing shall conform
plait braid or diagonal interlocking braid) for the ordered size
to the requirements of Table 1. Class 2 also requires compli-
(see 5.1 and 6.1.4).
ance with Table 2.
7.2 PTFE Coating (Class 3 only)—If PTFE is used, it shall
11. Quality Assurance
not exceed 10% by mass of the packing (see 13.9) unless
11.1 Quality Systems—Manufacturers shall be prepared to
otherwise agreed to by the purchaser. (Warning—Graphitic
document use of a quality system such as compliance with an
valve packing containing PTFE has been associated with
ISO 9000 series program or similar program.
accelerated valve stem corrosion.)
7.3 Prohibited Additions—There shall be no intentional 12. Specimen Preparation
additionsofanyofthedetrimentalmaterialslistedinTable2or
12.1 SpecimenPreparation—Buyerandsellershallagreeon
any antimony (Sb), arsenic (As), bismuth (Bi), cadmium (Cd),
specimen preparation.
gallium(Ga),indium(In),lead(Pb),mercury(Hg),silver(Ag),
or tin (Sn), or, in the case of Grade B packing, zinc (Zn).
13. Test Methods
13.1 Tests—In the event that tests are required as part of the
8. Other Requirements
purchasingrequirements5.1,testsshallbemadeinaccordance
8.1 Braid Geometry Retention—Untaped, cut ends shall not
with the following tests or by way of alternate methods of
unravel more than 3 mm ( ⁄8 in.) with the packing dry or wet
analysiswithequaltoorimprovedaccuracyandprecision.The
(see 13.11). For example, packing 12 mm ( ⁄2-in.) in cross
use of an alternate analytical method requires the prior written
section shall not unravel more than 3 mm ( ⁄8 in.) at either end
consent of the purchasing party before acceptance will be
of the packing.
allowed.
9. Dimensions, Mass, and Permissible Variations 13.2 Size—Before unbraiding, the size shall be determined
bymeasuringeachsampleselectedforvisualexamination(see
9.1 Sizes and Mass—Packing shall be furnished in the sizes
Table 3).Asteel rule with 1 mm ( ⁄32 in.) divisions accurate to
showninTable3,orothersize(s)asisorderedbythecustomer,
1 1
1mm( ⁄32 in.) or a steel slide caliper with 1 mm ( ⁄32 in.) and
(see Section 5 and 6.1.4). Packing shall be formed approxi-
0.5 mm ( ⁄64 in.) divisions shall be used (see 9.1).
mately square or rectangular in cross-section (either when
straight or when placed about a shaft) within the dimensional
13.3 Mass—Themassshallbedeterminedusingaspecimen
tolerances of Table 3. When specifie
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