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ASTM D3511-07a

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Brush Pilling Tester

Standard Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Brush Pilling Tester

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Acceptance Testing—This method of testing fabrics for resistance to pilling is not recommended for acceptance testing. If it is used for acceptance testing, it should be used with caution because interlaboratory data are not available. In some cases the purchaser and the supplier may have to test a commercial shipment of one or more specific materials by the best available method, even though the method has not been recommended for acceptance testing.
If there are differences or practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, the test samples should be used that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
The pilling of textile fabrics is a very complex property because it is affected by many factors which may include type of fiber or blends, fiber dimensions, yarn and fabric construction, fabric finishing treatments and refurbishing method. Testing before refurbishing may be adviseable. The pilling resistance of a specific fabric in actual wear varies more with general conditions of use and individual wearers than in replicate fabric specimens subjected to controlled laboratory tests. This experience should be borne in mind when adopting levels of acceptability for any series of standards.  
Pills vary appreciably in size and appearance and depend on ...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the propensity of a fabric to form pills from fuzz under test conditions intended to simulate normal wear using the brush pilling tester. This procedure is generally applicable to all types of apparel fabrics including both woven and knitted fabrics.
Note 1—For other test methods for the pilling resistance of textiles, refer to Test Methods D 3512, D 3514, and D 4970.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as the standard. Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in parentheses. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Nov-2007
ICS
59.080.30 - Textile fabrics
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.60 - Fabric Physical Test Methods B
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D3511-07 - Standard Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Brush Pilling Tester
Effective Date
01-Dec-2007
Replaced By
ASTM D3511-08 - Standard Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Brush Pilling Tester
Effective Date
01-Jul-2008
Referred By
ASTM D3181-15(2019) - Standard Guide for Conducting Wear Tests on Textiles
Effective Date
01-Dec-2007

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ASTM D3511-07a - Standard Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Brush Pilling TesterASTM D3511-07a - Standard Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Brush Pilling Tester
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D3511–07a
Standard Test Method for
Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of
1
Textile Fabrics: Brush Pilling Tester
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3511; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
3
1. Scope 2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
ADJD3512 Set of 5 Photographic Standards for Random
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the pro-
Tumble Pilling Test
pensity of a fabric to form pills from fuzz under test conditions
intended to simulate normal wear using the brush pilling tester.
3. Terminology
This procedure is generally applicable to all types of apparel
3.1 For all terminology related to D13.59, Fabric Test
fabrics including both woven and knitted fabrics.
Methods, General, see Terminology D 4850.
NOTE 1—For other test methods for the pilling resistance of textiles,
3.1.1 Thefollowingtermsarerelevanttothisstandard:fuzz,
refer to Test Methods D 3512, D 3514, and D 4970.
pilling resistance, pills.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
3.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, see Termi-
are to be regarded separately as the standard. Within the text,
nology D 123.
the inch-pound units are shown in parentheses. The values
4. Summary of Test Method
stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining 4.1 Pilling and other changes in surface appearance, such as
values from the two systems may result in nonconformance
fuzzing, which occur in normal wear are simulated on labora-
with the specification. tory testing machines. Fabrics are subjected to simulated wear
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
conditions: first brushing the specimens to free fiber ends that
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the form fuzz on the surface of the fabric, then rubbing two of the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
specimens together in circular motion to roll the fiber ends into
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- pills.Thedegreeoffabricpillingisevaluatedbycomparingthe
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
tested specimens with visual standards, which may be actual
fabrics or photographs of fabrics, showing a range of pilling
2. Referenced Documents
resistance. The observed resistance to pilling is reported using
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
an arbitrary rating scale.
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
5. Significance and Use
D 1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
D 3512 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Re-
5.1 Acceptance Testing—This method of testing fabrics for
lated Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Random Tumble resistancetopillingisnotrecommendedforacceptancetesting.
Pilling Tester
If it is used for acceptance testing, it should be used with
D 3514 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Re- caution because interlaboratory data are not available. In some
lated Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Elastomeric Pad
cases the purchaser and the supplier may have to test a
D 4850 Terminology Relating to Fabric commercial shipment of one or more specific materials by the
D 4970 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Re-
best available method, even though the method has not been
lated Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Martindale recommended for acceptance testing.
Tester
5.1.1 If there are differences or practical significance be-
tween reported test results for two laboratories (or more),
comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 onTextiles
a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods,
Specific. assistance.As a minimum, the test samples should be used that
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2007. Published January 2008. Originally
are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the material from
approved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D 3511 – 07.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.
the ASTM website. ADJD3512.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D3511–07 Designation:D3511–07a
Standard Test Method for
Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of
1
Textile Fabrics: Brush Pilling Tester
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3511; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 Thistestmethodcoversthedeterminationofthepropensityofafabrictoformpillsfromfuzzundertestconditionsintended
to simulate normal wear using the brush pilling tester. This procedure is generally applicable to all types of apparel fabrics
including both woven and knitted fabrics.
NOTE 1—For other test methods for the pilling resistance of textiles, refer to Test Methods D 3512, D 3514, and D 4970.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as the standard. Within the text, the
inch-pound units are shown in parentheses.The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall
be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D 1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
D 3512 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Random Tumble Pilling
Tester
D 3514 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Elastomeric Pad
D 4850 Terminology Relating to Fabric
D 4970 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Martindale Tester
3
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
ADJD3512 Set of 5 Photographic Standards for Random Tumble Pilling Test
3. Terminology
3.1Definitions:
3.1.1fuzz, n—untangled fiber ends that protrude from the surface of a yarn or fabric.
3.1.2pilling resistance, n—resistance to the formation of pills on the surface of a textile fabric.
3.1.3pills, n—bunches or balls of tangled fibers which are held to the surface of a fabric by one or more fibers.
3.1.4For definitions of other textile terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology D123.
3.1 For all terminology related to D13.59, Fabric Test Methods, General, see Terminology D 4850.
3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard: fuzz, pilling resistance, pills.
3.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, see Terminology D 123.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 Pilling and other changes in surface appearance, such as fuzzing, which occur in normal wear are simulated on laboratory
testing machines. Fabrics are subjected to simulated wear conditions: first brushing the specimens to free fiber ends that form fuzz
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 onTextiles and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on FabricTest Methods, Specific.
Current edition approved JulyDec. 1, 2007. Published August 2007.January 2008. Originally approved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 20052007 as
D 3511 – 057.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from ASTM Headquarters, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. Request ADJD3512.
3
Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No. ADJD3512.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D3511–07a
on the surface of the fabric, then rubbing two of the specimens together in circular motion to roll the fiber ends into pills. The
degree of fabric pilling is evaluated by comparing the tested specimens with visual standards, which may be actual fabrics or
photographsoffabrics,showingarangeofpillingresistance.Theobservedresistancetopillingisreportedusinganarbitraryrating
scale.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Acceptance
...

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5.1 Acceptance Testing—This method of testing fabrics for resistance to pilling is not recommended for acceptance testing. If it is used for acceptance testing, it should be used with caution because the between-laboratory precision is poor. In some cases the purchaser and the supplier may have to test a commercial shipment of one or more specific materials by the best available test method, even though the test method is not recommended for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 If there are differences or practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, the test samples should be used that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 The pilling of textile fabrics is a very complex property because it is affected by many factors which may include type of fiber or blends, fiber dimensions, yarn and fabric construction, fabric finishing treatments and refurbishing method. Testing before refurbishing may be adviseable. The pilling resistance of a specific fabric in actual wear varies more with general conditions of use and individual wearers than in replicate fabric specimens subjected to controlled laboratory tests. This experience should be borne in mind when adopting levels of acceptability for any series of standards.  
5.3 Pills vary appreciably in size and appearance and de...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the propensity of a fabric to form pills and other related surface changes on textiles using the random tumble pilling tester. The procedure is generally applicable to all types of woven and knitted apparel fabrics.  
Note 1: For other test methods for the pilling resistance of textiles, refer to Test Methods D3511/D3511M, D3514/D3514M, and D4970/D4970M.  
1.2 Some fabrics that have been treated with a silicone resin may not be satisfactorily tested by this procedure because the silicone resin may transfer onto the cork liners in the test chamber and cause erroneous results.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4970/D4970M-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Martindale Tester

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Acceptance Testing—This method of testing fabrics resistance to pilling is not recommended for acceptance testing. If it is used for acceptance testing, it should be used with caution because interlaboratory data are not available. In some cases the purchaser or supplier may have to test a commercial shipment of one or more specific materials by the best available method even though the method has not been recommended for acceptance testing. Although this test method is not recommended for acceptance testing, it is useful because it is used widely outside the United States.  
5.2 If there is a disagreement arising from differences in values reported by the purchaser and the supplier when using this test method, the statistical bias, if any, between the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of the supplier should be determined with comparison being based on testing specimens randomly drawn from one sample of material of the type being evaluated. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. A minimum of two parties should take a group of test specimens, which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens then should be assigned randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average test results from the two laboratories should be compared using an acceptable statistical protocol and probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is started. Appropriate statistical disciplines for comparing data must be used when the purchaser and supplier cannot agree. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future results with consideration for the known bias.  
5.3 The pilling of textile fabrics is a very complex property because it is affected by many factors that include type of fiber or blends, fiber dimensions, yarn and fabric construction, and fabric f...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance to the formation of pills and other related surface changes on textile fabrics using the Martindale tester.
Note 1: For other methods, if testing the pilling resistance of textiles, refer to Test Methods D3511/D3511M, D3512/D3512M, and D3514.  
1.2 This test method is generally applicable to knit, woven, and nonwoven fabrics; however, material thickness may limit suitability for testing due to specimen holder capacity.  
1.3 The fabric may be laundered or dry cleaned before testing as agreed upon among interested parties.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4966-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Martindale Abrasion Tester Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Acceptance Testing—this test method is not considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of fabric. The between-laboratory precision of this test method is poor and, because of the nature of abrasion testing itself, technicians frequently fail to obtain results in agreement on the same type of testing instrument, both within and between laboratories. Although this test method is not recommended for acceptance testing, it is useful because it is used widely, especially outside the United States.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens then should be assigned randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Students t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.  
5.2 The resistance to abrasion also is affected greatly by the conditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant; variable action of the abradant over the area of specimen abraded, the tension on the specimen, the pressure between the specimen and abradant, and the dimensional changes in the specimen.  
5.3 Abrasion tests are all subject to variation due to changes in the abradant during specific tests. The abradant must be changed accordingly at freque...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abrasion resistance of textile fabrics using the Martindale abrasion tester. The method is generally applicable to knit, woven, and nonwoven fabrics; however, material thickness may limit suitability for testing due to specimen holder capacity.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: For other current test methods of testing the abrasion resistance of textiles refer to Test Methods D3884, D3885, D3886, D4157, D4158, and AATCC TM93.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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