ASTM D4157-02

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D4157–02
Standard Test Method for
Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder
Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4157; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D 5034 Test Method for Breaking Strength and Elongation
of Textile Fabrics (Grab Method)
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abra-
D 5035 Test Method for Breaking Strength and Elongation
sion resistance of woven textile fabrics using the oscillatory
of Textile Fabrics (Strip Method)
cylinder tester. This test method may not be usable for some
2.2 Other Document:
fabric constructions.
AATCC 93 Abrasion Resistance of Fabrics: Accelerotor
NOTE 1—Other procedures for measuring the abrasion resistance of 3
Method
textile fabrics are given in: Test Methods D 3884, D 3885, D 3886,
D 4158, and AATCC 93.
3. Terminology
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
3.1 Definitions:
standard; the values in English units are provided as informa-
3.1.1 abrasion, n—the wearing away of any part of a
tion only and are not exact equivalents.
material by rubbing against another surface.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.2 abrasion cycle, n—in abrasion testing, one or more
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
movements of the abrdant across a material surface, or the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
material surface across the abradant, that permits a return to its
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
starting position.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—The abrasion cycle is dependent on the
programmed motions of the abrasion machine and the test
2. Referenced Documents
standard used. It may consist of one back-and-forth unidirec-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
tional movement such as for the flexing and abrasion test
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
method; a circular movement such as for the rotary platform
D 1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
test method, or a combination of both such as for the inflated
D 3597 Specification for Woven Upholstery Fabrics—
diaphragm test method. For the oscillatory cylinder abrasion
Plain, Tufted, or Flocked
method, an abrasion cycle consists of one double-rub as
D 3884 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile
defined in 3.1.4.
Fabrics (Rotary Platform, Double Head Method)
3.1.3 breaking force, n—the maximum force applied to a
D 3885 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile
material carried to rupture (compare breaking point, breaking
Fabrics (Flexing and Abrasion Method)
strength).
D 3886 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile
3.1.4 double-rub, n—in oscillatory cylinder abrasion test-
Fabrics (Inflated Diaphragm Method)
ing, one forward and one backward motion required to com-
D 4158 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile
plete one cycle.
Fabrics (Uniform Abrasion Method)
3.2 For definitions of other textile terms used in this test
D 4966 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile
method, refer to Terminology D 123.
Fabrics (Martindale Abrasion Tester)
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 Abrasion resistance is measured by subjecting the speci-
men to unidirectional rubbing action under known conditions
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 onTextiles
of pressure, tension, and abrasive action. Resistance to abra-
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods,
Specific. sion is evaluated by various means which are described in
Current edition approved Dec. 10, 2002. Published March 2003. Originally
Section 12.
published as D 4157 – 82. Last previous edition D 4157 – 92.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists, P.O.
the ASTM website. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D4157–02
5. Significance and Use tories; however, they represent the methods now most widely
in use. This test method provides a comparative measurement
5.1 The measurement of the resistance to abrasion of textile
of the resistance of woven textile fabrics to abrasion, and may
and other materials is very complex.The resistance to abrasion
not necessarily predict the actyal performance of fabrics in
is affected by many factors, such as the inherent mechanical
actual use.
properties of the fibers; the dimensions of the fibers; the
5.7 If there are differences of practical significance between
structure of the yarns; the construction of the fabrics; and the
reported test results for two or more laboratories, comparative
type,kind,andamountoffinishingmaterialaddedtothefibers,
tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical
yarns, or fabric.
bias between them, using competent statistical assistance.As a
5.2 The resistance to abrasion is also greatly affected by the
minimum, test samples that are as homogeneous as possible,
conditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant; variable
drawn from the material from which the disparate test results
action of the abradant over the area of specimen abraded, the
were obtained, and randomly assigned in equal numbers to
tension of the specimen, the pressure between the specimen
each laboratory for testing. The test results from the two
and abradant, and the dimensional changes in the specimen.
laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for
5.3 Abrasion tests are all subject to variation due to changes
unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing
in the abradant during specific tests. The abradant must
series. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and
accordingly be changed at frequent intervals or checked
corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consider-
periodically against a standard. With disposable abradants, the
ation of the known bias.
abradant is used only once or changed after limited use. With
permanent abradants that use hardened metal or equivalent
6. Apparatus
surfaces, it is assumed that the abradant will not change
6.1 Oscillatory Cylinder Abrasive Machine, consisting of
appreciably in a specific series of tests, but obviously similar
the following
abradantsusedindifferentlaboratorieswillnotlikelychangeat
6.1.1 Oscillating Cylinder Section, equipped with edge
the same rate due to differences in usage. Permanent abradants
clamps to permit mounting of a sheet of abrasive material over
may also change due to pick up of finishing or other material
its surface, capable of oscillating through an arc of 76 62mm
from test fabrics and must accordingly be cleaned at frequent
(3 6 0.1 in.) at the rate of 90 6 1 cycles (double rub) per min.
intervals. The measurement of the relative amount of abrasion
6.1.2 Four Specimen Holding Arms, to permit testing of
may also be affected by the method of evaluation and may be
several specimens sumultaneously; each arm having a set of
influenced by the judgment of the operator.
controlled tension clamps with the forward clamp attached to a
5.4 The resistance of textile materials to abrasion as mea-
force scaled tension bar, and a controlled pressure pad attached
sured on a testing machine in the laboratory is generally only
to a force scaled pressure bar.
one of several factors contributing to wear performance or
6.1.3 Calibrated Mass (340 g), that slides on the tension bar
durability as experienced in the actual use of the material.
and attached on each arm forward clamp to adjust tension to
While “abrasion resistance” (often stated in terms of the
the specimen in increments of 4.45 N (1 lbf) up to a total of
number of cycles on a specified machine, using a specified
26.7 N (6 lbf).
technique to produce a specified degree or amount of abrasion)
6.1.4 Thumb Screw, that butts against the rear clamp of each
and “durability” (defined as the ability to withstand deteriora-
arm to provide slack take-up of the specimen.
tionorwearingoutinuse,includingtheeffectsofabrasion)are
6.1.5 Sponge Rubber Pressure Pad,50 350mm(2 32in.)
frequently related, the relationship varies with different end
with a tolerance of 6 1 mm (0.05 in.) shaped to the cylinder
uses, and different factors may be necessary in any calculation
surface and fitted to the pressure bar.
of predicted durability from specific abrasion data. Laboratory
6.1.6 Calibrated Mass (150 g), that slides on the pressure
tests may be reliable as an indication of relative end-use
bar and attached on each pressure pad to adjust and apply
performance in cases where the difference in abrasion resis-
pressure to the specimen in increments of 4.45 N (1 lbf) up to
tanceofvariousmaterialsislarge,buttheyshouldnotberelied
a total of 15.575 N (3.5 lbf).
upon where differences in laboratory test findings are small. In
6.1.7 Two Slotted Vacuum Pipes, suspended over the cylin-
general, they should not be relied upon for prediction of actual
der drum to remove lint and dust particles.
wear-life in specific end uses unless there are data showing the
6.1.8 Automatic Cycle Counter, with set and stop mecha-
specific relationship between laboratory abrasion tests and
nism to record the number of cycles (double rubs) and stop the
actual wear in the intended end-use.
machine at a predetermined number of cycles.
5.5 These general observations apply to all types of fabrics,
6.2 Abradant:
including woven, nonwoven, and knit apparel fabrics, house-
6.2.1 Cotton Duck # 10, with the following characteristics:
2 2
hold fabrics, industrial fabrics, and floor coverings. It is not
6.2.1.1 Mass/UnitArea—500 625g/m (14to15.8oz/yd ).
surprising, therefore, to find that there are many different types
6.2.1.2 Weave Type—plain weave.
of abrasion testing machines, abradants, testing conditions,
6.2.1.3 Fabric Count—41 6 1 end/in. 3 28 6 1 pick/in.
testing procedures, methods of evaluation of abrasion resis-
6.2.1.4 Yarn Size—7/2 cotton count 6 1 in both warp and
tance, and interpretation of results.
filling.
5.6 All the test methods and instruments so far developed 6.2.1.5 Air Permeability—less than 4 cfm.
forabrasionresistancemayshowahighdegreeofvariabilityin 6.2.1.6 Finish—loom state; no warp size.
results obtained by different operators and in different labora- 6.2.2 Wire Screen, specification information to follow.
D4157–02
6.2.3 Grit Sandpaper, to refurbish rubber pads. 10. Preparation, Maintenance, and Calibration of Test
6.2.4 Nylon Brush, medium brisstle, or equivalent. Apparatus
6.2.5 Mild Household Detergent Solution.
10.1 Prepare and verify calibration of the abrasion tester
6.2.6 Air Supply, with regulated nozzle.
using directions supplied by the manufacturer.
6.2.7 Digital Force Gage.
10.2 Verify that the rubber pads extend below their holders.
10.3 Verify that the entire lower surface of the rubber pad is
7. Sampling
in contact with the cylinder section, and that no space is
7.1 Take a lot sample as directed in the applicable material
observed. If space(s) are observed, reshape the lower pad
specification, or as agreed upon between the purchaser and
surface as directed. Pads should be changed at least once a
seller. In the absence of such a specification or other agree-
year.
ment, take a laboratory sample as directed in 7.2.
10.3.1 If wire screen abradant is used, remove and clean
7.2 Take a laboratory sample from each roll or piece of
with the nylon brush. Clean cylinder. Insert and clamp 50 grit
fabric in the lot sample. The laboratory sample should be full
sand paper to the cylinder. Remove all pressure from the pad
width and at least 50 cm (approximately 20 in.) long and
and lock the specimen holding arm in position. Run the tester
should not be taken any closer to the end of the roll or piece of
in 50 cycle increments. Inspect for spaces between the lower
fabric than1m(1 yd). Consider rolls or pieces of fabric to be
surface of the pad and the cylinder after each 50 cycles.
the primary sampling unit.
Continue until the entire surface of the pad conforms to the
7.3 Take a laboratory sampling unit from each roll or piece
shape of the cylinder section. The wear pattern on the sand
of fabric in the lot sample that is full width and at least 50 cm
paper can assist in determining conformance.
(20 in.) long and not taken any closer to the end of the roll or
10.4 At lease on a weekly schedule: clean surface of the
piece of fabric than1m(1 yd).
cylindersectionandthesteelscreenbybrushingandthenusing
7.4 Sample shipment of garments as agreed upon between
the mild detergent solution. Clean out vacuum system. Inspect
purchaser and seller.
the pads for wear and refurbish as directed in 10.3.1 as
required.
8. Number and Preparation of Test Specimens
10.5 After each test: brush the rubber pads to remove any
8.1 In the absence of any applicable material specifications,
loosefibers,etc.Usingthenylonbrush,cleanthesurfaceofthe
take 12 specimens, 6 warp (machine direction) and 6 filling,
cylinder section and the steel screen by brushing and wiping
(across machine direction) from each sample to be tested.
with a cloth. If disposible abradants are used, such as emery
8.2 Preparation of Specimens:
7 paper or cotton duck, replace after each test.
8.2.1 Cut the test specimens 73 mm (2 ⁄8 in.) by 245 mm
10.6 Calibration of the Oscillatory Cylinder machine should
(9 ⁄8 in.). Specimens should be cut with flares or wings. The
be performed as specified in the appendix of this method.
longdimensionsarecutparalleltothewarpyarnsforwarpwise
(machinedirection)abrasionandparalleltothefillingyarnsfor
11. Procedure
filling-wise (cross-machine direction) abrasion. For woven
fabrics do not cut two warp specimens from the same warp
11.1 Test the conditioned specimens in the standard atmo-
yarns or two filling specimens from the same filling yarns. If
sphere for testing textiles, which is 70 6 2°F (21 6 1°C) and
the fabric has a pattern, ensure that the specimens are repre-
65 6 2 % relative humidity.
sentative sampling of the pattern.
11.2 Select the abradant for a given end-use application.
8.2.2 Cut test specimens both in the length and widthwise
Refer to Table 1. Ensure the abradant is taut and secured
directions of the fabric. Cut speci
...