M/024;M/334 - M/024;M/334

The scope of this Technical Report is to define the ERTMS DMI in STM mode for each system include in Annex B of STI CC. This Technical Report defines the ergonomics for the Specific Transmission Module integrated in the Driver-Machine Interface (DMI) for the ERTMS/ETCS Train Control System, and for the integrated ERTMS/GSM-R Train Control and Train Radio Systems. The ergonomics covers the –   general arrangements (dialogue structure, sequences, layout philosophy, colour philosophy), –   symbols, –   audible information, and –   data entry arrangements. The reasons for defining the ergonomics of the DMI are as follows: 1.   Achieving harmonised and coherent presentation for ERTMS/ETCS and STM information. Given the large number of STM’s requiring the use the ERTMS/ETCS DMI, only a harmonised approach is feasible. 2.   Defining Driver-Machine Interface ergonomics that is compatible with agreed interoperable ERTMS specifications. 3.   To reduce the risk of incorrect operation by a driver working with different trains fitted with ERTMS/ETCS. 4.   Facilitating train operation with a unified ergonomics, hence reducing the cost of driver training. This Technical Report is applicable on all trains fitted with the ERTMS/ETCS.

This Technical Specification describes from an ergonomic point of view how ERTMS information shall be arranged and displayed. This Technical Specification describes more ergonomic details than currently provided by the ERTMS/ETCS/GSM-R specifications. This Technical Specification defines the ergonomics for the Driver-Machine Interface (DMI) for the ERTMS/ETCS Train Control System, and for the integrated ERTMS/GSM-R Train Control and Train Radio Systems, and for the stand alone ERTMS/GSM-R Train Radio Systems and for other technical systems currently provided on the engines. The ergonomics covers –   the general arrangements (dialogue structure, sequences, layout philosophy, colour philosophy), –   the symbols, –   the audible information, –   the data entry arrangements. The aims of the ERTMS/ETCS/GSM-R Train Control and Train Radio Systems are standardised systems facilitating interoperable movement of trains and permitting economies of scale in procurement and operations. The objective of this Technical Specification is to define the minimum requirements on the DMI that are necessary to enable these objectives to be achieved. Hence the Technical Specification is limited to ergonomic considerations and does not define the technology to be used for the implementation. The reasons for defining the ergonomics of the DMI are as follows: –   achieving harmonised and coherent presentation for ERTMS/ETCS and STM information. Given the large number of STM’s requiring the use the ERTMS/ETCS DMI, only a harmonised approach is feasible; –   defining Driver-Machine Interface ergonomics that is compatible with agreed interoperable ERTMS specifications; –   to reduce the risk of incorrect operation by a driver working with different trains fitted with ERTMS/ETCS and ERTMS/GSM-R; –   facilitating train operation with a unified ergonomics, hence reducing the cost of driver training. This Technical Specification is applicable on all trains fitted with the ERTMS/ETCS and also for trains fitted with train radio (GSM-R) DMI. The scope of this Part 6 of the Technical Specification is to define the audible information used with the ERTMS/ETCS DMI and with the ERTMS/GSM-R DMI. The operational procedures for the GSM-R radio are out of scope of this document.

This Technical Specification describes from an ergonomic point of view how ERTMS information shall be arranged and displayed. This Technical Specification describes more ergonomic details than currently provided by the ERTMS/ETCS/GSM-R specifications. This Technical Specification defines the ergonomics for the Driver-Machine Interface (DMI) for the ERTMS/ETCS Train Control System, and for the integrated ERTMS/GSM-R Train Control and Train Radio Systems, and for the stand alone ERTMS/GSM-R Train Radio Systems and for other technical systems currently provided on the engines. The ergonomics covers the -   general arrangements (dialogue structure, sequences, layout philosophy, colour philosophy), -   symbols, -   audible information, -   data entry arrangements. The aims of the ERTMS/ETCS/GSM-R Train Control and Train Radio Systems are standardised systems facilitating interoperable movement of trains and permitting economies of scale in procurement and operations. The objective of this Technical Specification is to define the minimum requirements on the DMI that are necessary to enable these objectives to be achieved. Hence the Technical Specification is limited to ergonomic considerations and does not define the technology to be used for the implementation. The reasons for defining the ergonomics of the DMI are as follows: -   achieving harmonised and coherent presentation for ERTMS/ETCS and STM information. Given the large number of STM’s requiring the use the ERTMS/ETCS DMI, only a harmonised approach is feasible; -   defining Driver-Machine Interface ergonomics that is compatible with agreed interoperable ERTMS specifications; -   to reduce the risk of incorrect operation by a driver working with different trains fitted with ERTMS/ETCS and ERTMS/GSM-R; -   facilitating train operation with a unified ergonomics, hence reducing the cost of driver training. This Technical Specification is applicable on all trains fitted with the ERTMS/ETCS and also for trains fitted with train radio (GSM-R) DMI. The scope of Part 4 of the Technical Specification CLC/TS 50459 series is to define data entry principles for the interface between the driver and ERTMS/ETCS/GSM-R. This specification gives guidelines how to implement different technology (soft keys, touch screen device, LCD, cathode tube, etc.)

This Technical Specification describes from an ergonomic point of view how ERTMS information shall be arranged and displayed. This Technical Specification describes more ergonomic details than currently provided by the ERTMS/ETCS/GSM R specifications. This Technical Specification defines the ergonomics for the Driver-Machine Interface (DMI) for the ERTMS/ETCS Train Control System, and for the integrated ERTMS/GSM R Train Control and Train Radio Systems, and for the stand alone ERTMS/GSM R Train Radio Systems and for other technical systems currently provided on the engines. The ergonomics covers the: -   general arrangements (dialogue structure, sequences, layout philosophy, colour philosophy); -   symbols; -   audible information; -   data entry arrangements. The aims of the ERTMS/ETCS/GSM R Train Control and Train Radio Systems are standardised systems facilitating interoperable movement of trains and permitting economies of scale in procurement and operations. The objective of this Technical Specification is to define the minimum requirements on the DMI that are necessary to enable these objectives to be achieved. Hence the Technical Specification is limited to ergonomic considerations and does not define the technology to be used for the implementation. The reasons for defining the ergonomics of the DMI are as follows: -   achieving harmonised and coherent presentation for ERTMS/ETCS and STM information. Given the large number of STM’s requiring the use the ERTMS/ETCS DMI, only a harmonised approach is feasible. -   defining Driver-Machine Interface ergonomics that is compatible with agreed interoperable ERTMS specifications. -   to reduce the risk of incorrect operation by a driver working with different trains fitted with ERTMS/ETCS and ERTMS/GSM R. -   facilitating train operation with a unified ergonomics, hence reducing the cost of driver training. This Technical Specification is applicable on all trains fitted with the ERTMS/ETCS and also for trains fitted with train radio (GSM R) DMI. The scope of this part of the Technical Specification (Part 5) is to define the symbols used with the ERTMS/ETCS and the ERTMS/GSM R DMI. The actual use of the symbols is depending on the availability of the function addressing the symbol.

This Technical Specification describes from an ergonomic point of view how ERTMS information shall be arranged and displayed. This Technical Specification describes more ergonomic details than currently provided by the ERTMS/ETCS/GSM R specifications. This Technical Specification defines the ergonomics for the Driver-Machine Interface (DMI) for the ERTMS/ETCS Train Control System, and for the integrated ERTMS/GSM R Train Control and Train Radio Systems, and for the stand alone ERTMS/GSM R Train Radio Systems and for other technical systems currently provided on the rolling stock. The ergonomics covers the -   general arrangements (dialogue structure, sequences, layout philosophy, colour philosophy), -   symbols, -   audible information, -   data entry arrangements. The aims of the ERTMS/ETCS/GSM R Train Control and Train Radio Systems are standardised systems facilitating interoperable movement of trains and permitting economies of scale in procurement and operations. The objective of this Technical Specification is to define the minimum requirements on the DMI that are necessary to enable these objectives to be achieved. Hence the Technical Specification is limited to ergonomic considerations and does not define the technology to be used for the implementation. The reasons for defining the ergonomics of the DMI are as follows: -   achieving harmonised and coherent presentation for ERTMS/ETCS and STM information. Given the large number of STM’s requiring the use the ERTMS/ETCS DMI, only a harmonised approach is feasible; -   defining Driver-Machine Interface ergonomics that is compatible with agreed interoperable ERTMS specifications; -   to reduce the risk of incorrect operation by a driver working with different trains fitted with ERTMS/ETCS and ERTMS/GSM R; -   facilitating train operation with a unified ergonomics, hence reducing the cost of driver training. This Technical Specification is applicable on all trains fitted with the ERTMS/ETCS and also for trains fitted with train radio (GSM R) DMI. The scope of Part 1 of the Technical Specification CLC/TS 50459 series is to define ergonomic principles for the interface between the driver and ERTMS/ETCS/GSM R. This specification gives guidelines how to implement different technology (soft keys, touch screen device, LCD, cathode tube, etc.)

This Technical Specification describes from an ergonomic point of view how ERTMS information shall be arranged and displayed. This Technical Specification describes more ergonomic details than currently provided by the ERTMS/ETCS/GSM-R specifications. This Technical Specification defines the ergonomics for the Driver-Machine Interface (DMI) for the ERTMS/ETCS Train Control System, and for the integrated ERTMS/GSM-R Train Control and Train Radio Systems, and for the stand alone ERTMS/GSM-R Train Radio Systems and for other technical systems currently provided on the engines. The ergonomics covers the -   general arrangements (dialogue structure, sequences, layout philosophy, colour philosophy), -   symbols, -   audible information, -   data entry arrangements. The aims of the ERTMS/ETCS/GSM-R Train Control and Train Radio Systems are standardised systems facilitating interoperable movement of trains and permitting economies of scale in procurement and operations. The objective of this Technical Specification is to define the minimum requirements on the DMI that are necessary to enable these objectives to be achieved. Hence the Technical Specification is limited to ergonomic considerations and does not define the technology to be used for the implementation. The reasons for defining the ergonomics of the DMI are as follows: -   achieving harmonised and coherent presentation for ERTMS/ETCS and STM information. Given the large number of STM’s requiring the use the ERTMS/ETCS DMI, only a harmonised approach is feasible; -   defining Driver-Machine Interface ergonomics that is compatible with agreed interoperable ERTMS specifications; -   to reduce the risk of incorrect operation by a driver working with different trains fitted with ERTMS/ETCS and ERTMS/GSM-R; -   facilitating train operation with a unified ergonomics, hence reducing the cost of driver training. This Technical Specification is applicable on all trains fitted with the ERTMS/ETCS and also for trains fitted with train radio (GSM-R) DMI. The scope of Part 3 of the Technical Specification CLC/TS 50459 series is to define ergonomic arrangements of ERTMS/GSM-R information only.

This Technical Specification describes from an ergonomic point of view how ERTMS information shall be arranged and displayed. This Technical Specification describes more ergonomic details than currently provided by the ERTMS/ETCS/GSM R specifications. This Technical Specification defines the ergonomics for the Driver-Machine Interface (DMI) for the ERTMS/ETCS Train Control System, and for the integrated ERTMS/GSM R Train Control and Train Radio Systems, and for the stand alone ERTMS/GSM R Train Radio Systems and for other technical systems currently provided on the engines. The ergonomics covers the -   general arrangements (dialogue structure, sequences, layout philosophy, colour philosophy), -   symbols, -   audible information, -   data entry arrangements. The aims of the ERTMS/ETCS/GSM R Train Control and Train Radio Systems are standardised systems facilitating interoperable movement of trains and permitting economies of scale in procurement and operations. The objective of this Technical Specification is to define the minimum requirements on the DMI that are necessary to enable these objectives to be achieved. Hence the Technical Specification is limited to ergonomic considerations and does not define the technology to be used for the implementation. The reasons for defining the ergonomics of the DMI are as follows: -   achieving harmonised and coherent presentation for ERTMS/ETCS and STM information. Given the large number of STM’s requiring the use the ERTMS/ETCS DMI, only a harmonised approach is feasible; -   defining Driver-Machine Interface ergonomics that is compatible with agreed interoperable ERTMS specifications; -   to reduce the risk of incorrect operation by a driver working with different trains fitted with ERTMS/ETCS and ERTMS/GSM R; -   facilitating train operation with a unified ergonomics, hence reducing the cost of driver training. This Technical Specification is applicable on all trains fitted with the ERTMS/ETCS and also for trains fitted with train radio (GSM R) DMI. The scope of Part 2 of the Technical Specification CLC/TS 50459 series is to define ergonomic arrangements of ERTMS/ETCS information. This specification gives guidelines how to implement different technology (soft keys, touch screen device, LCD, cathode tube, etc.)

The scope of this Technical Report is to define the ERTMS DMI in STM mode for each system include in Annex B of STI CC. This Technical Report defines the ergonomics for the Specific Transmission Module integrated in the Driver-Machine Interface (DMI) for the ERTMS/ETCS Train Control System, and for the integrated ERTMS/GSM-R Train Control and Train Radio Systems. The ergonomics covers the – general arrangements (dialogue structure, sequences, layout philosophy, colour philosophy), – symbols, – audible information, and – data entry arrangements. The reasons for defining the ergonomics of the DMI are as follows: 1. Achieving harmonised and coherent presentation for ERTMS/ETCS and STM information. Given the large number of STM’s requiring the use the ERTMS/ETCS DMI, only a harmonised approach is feasible. 2. Defining Driver-Machine Interface ergonomics that is compatible with agreed interoperable ERTMS specifications. 3. To reduce the risk of incorrect operation by a driver working with different trains fitted with ERTMS/ETCS. 4. Facilitating train operation with a unified ergonomics, hence reducing the cost of driver training. This Technical Report is applicable on all trains fitted with the ERTMS/ETCS.

This Technical Specification describes from an ergonomic point of view how ERTMS information shall be arranged and displayed. This Technical Specification describes more ergonomic details than currently provided by the ERTMS/ETCS/GSM-R specifications. This Technical Specification defines the ergonomics for the Driver-Machine Interface (DMI) for the ERTMS/ETCS Train Control System, and for the integrated ERTMS/GSM-R Train Control and Train Radio Systems, and for the stand alone ERTMS/GSM-R Train Radio Systems and for other technical systems currently provided on the engines. The ergonomics covers the - general arrangements (dialogue structure, sequences, layout philosophy, colour philosophy), - symbols, - audible information, - data entry arrangements. The aims of the ERTMS/ETCS/GSM-R Train Control and Train Radio Systems are standardised systems facilitating interoperable movement of trains and permitting economies of scale in procurement and operations. The objective of this Technical Specification is to define the minimum requirements on the DMI that are necessary to enable these objectives to be achieved. Hence the Technical Specification is limited to ergonomic considerations and does not define the technology to be used for the implementation. The reasons for defining the ergonomics of the DMI are as follows: - achieving harmonised and coherent presentation for ERTMS/ETCS and STM information. Given the large number of STM’s requiring the use the ERTMS/ETCS DMI, only a harmonised approach is feasible; - defining Driver-Machine Interface ergonomics that is compatible with agreed interoperable ERTMS specifications; - to reduce the risk of incorrect operation by a driver working with different trains fitted with ERTMS/ETCS and ERTMS/GSM-R; - facilitating train operation with a unified ergonomics, hence reducing the cost of driver training. This Technical Specification is applicable on all trains fitted with the ERTMS/ETCS and also for trains fitted with train radio (GSM-R) DMI. The scope of Part 4 of the Technical Specification CLC/TS 50459 series is to define data entry principles for the interface between the driver and ERTMS/ETCS/GSM-R. This specification gives guidelines how to implement different technology (soft keys, touch screen device, LCD, cathode tube, etc.)

This Technical Specification describes from an ergonomic point of view how ERTMS information shall be arranged and displayed. This Technical Specification describes more ergonomic details than currently provided by the ERTMS/ETCS/GSM R specifications. This Technical Specification defines the ergonomics for the Driver-Machine Interface (DMI) for the ERTMS/ETCS Train Control System, and for the integrated ERTMS/GSM R Train Control and Train Radio Systems, and for the stand alone ERTMS/GSM R Train Radio Systems and for other technical systems currently provided on the engines. The ergonomics covers the: - general arrangements (dialogue structure, sequences, layout philosophy, colour philosophy); - symbols; - audible information; - data entry arrangements. The aims of the ERTMS/ETCS/GSM R Train Control and Train Radio Systems are standardised systems facilitating interoperable movement of trains and permitting economies of scale in procurement and operations. The objective of this Technical Specification is to define the minimum requirements on the DMI that are necessary to enable these objectives to be achieved. Hence the Technical Specification is limited to ergonomic considerations and does not define the technology to be used for the implementation. The reasons for defining the ergonomics of the DMI are as follows: - achieving harmonised and coherent presentation for ERTMS/ETCS and STM information. Given the large number of STM’s requiring the use the ERTMS/ETCS DMI, only a harmonised approach is feasible. - defining Driver-Machine Interface ergonomics that is compatible with agreed interoperable ERTMS specifications. - to reduce the risk of incorrect operation by a driver working with different trains fitted with ERTMS/ETCS and ERTMS/GSM R. - facilitating train operation with a unified ergonomics, hence reducing the cost of driver training. This Technical Specification is applicable on all trains fitted with the ERTMS/ETCS and also for trains fitted with train radio (GSM R) DMI. The scope of this part of the Technical Specification (Part 5) is to define the symbols used with the ERTMS/ETCS and the ERTMS/GSM R DMI. The actual use of the symbols is depending on the availability of the function addressing the symbol.

This Technical Specification describes from an ergonomic point of view how ERTMS information shall be arranged and displayed. This Technical Specification describes more ergonomic details than currently provided by the ERTMS/ETCS/GSM-R specifications. This Technical Specification defines the ergonomics for the Driver-Machine Interface (DMI) for the ERTMS/ETCS Train Control System, and for the integrated ERTMS/GSM-R Train Control and Train Radio Systems, and for the stand alone ERTMS/GSM-R Train Radio Systems and for other technical systems currently provided on the engines. The ergonomics covers – the general arrangements (dialogue structure, sequences, layout philosophy, colour philosophy), – the symbols, – the audible information, – the data entry arrangements. The aims of the ERTMS/ETCS/GSM-R Train Control and Train Radio Systems are standardised systems facilitating interoperable movement of trains and permitting economies of scale in procurement and operations. The objective of this Technical Specification is to define the minimum requirements on the DMI that are necessary to enable these objectives to be achieved. Hence the Technical Specification is limited to ergonomic considerations and does not define the technology to be used for the implementation. The reasons for defining the ergonomics of the DMI are as follows: – achieving harmonised and coherent presentation for ERTMS/ETCS and STM information. Given the large number of STM’s requiring the use the ERTMS/ETCS DMI, only a harmonised approach is feasible; – defining Driver-Machine Interface ergonomics that is compatible with agreed interoperable ERTMS specifications; – to reduce the risk of incorrect operation by a driver working with different trains fitted with ERTMS/ETCS and ERTMS/GSM-R; – facilitating train operation with a unified ergonomics, hence reducing the cost of driver training. This Technical Specification is applicable on all trains fitted with the ERTMS/ETCS and also for trains fitted with train radio (GSM-R) DMI. The scope of this Part 6 of the Technical Specification is to define the audible information used with the ERTMS/ETCS DMI and with the ERTMS/GSM-R DMI. The operational procedures for the GSM-R radio are out of scope of this document.

This Technical Specification describes from an ergonomic point of view how ERTMS information shall be arranged and displayed. This Technical Specification describes more ergonomic details than currently provided by the ERTMS/ETCS/GSM R specifications. This Technical Specification defines the ergonomics for the Driver-Machine Interface (DMI) for the ERTMS/ETCS Train Control System, and for the integrated ERTMS/GSM R Train Control and Train Radio Systems, and for the stand alone ERTMS/GSM R Train Radio Systems and for other technical systems currently provided on the engines. The ergonomics covers the - general arrangements (dialogue structure, sequences, layout philosophy, colour philosophy), - symbols, - audible information, - data entry arrangements. The aims of the ERTMS/ETCS/GSM R Train Control and Train Radio Systems are standardised systems facilitating interoperable movement of trains and permitting economies of scale in procurement and operations. The objective of this Technical Specification is to define the minimum requirements on the DMI that are necessary to enable these objectives to be achieved. Hence the Technical Specification is limited to ergonomic considerations and does not define the technology to be used for the implementation. The reasons for defining the ergonomics of the DMI are as follows: - achieving harmonised and coherent presentation for ERTMS/ETCS and STM information. Given the large number of STM’s requiring the use the ERTMS/ETCS DMI, only a harmonised approach is feasible; - defining Driver-Machine Interface ergonomics that is compatible with agreed interoperable ERTMS specifications; - to reduce the risk of incorrect operation by a driver working with different trains fitted with ERTMS/ETCS and ERTMS/GSM R; - facilitating train operation with a unified ergonomics, hence reducing the cost of driver training. This Technical Specification is applicable on all trains fitted with the ERTMS/ETCS and also for trains fitted with train radio (GSM R) DMI. The scope of Part 2 of the Technical Specification CLC/TS 50459 series is to define ergonomic arrangements of ERTMS/ETCS information. This specification gives guidelines how to implement different technology (soft keys, touch screen device, LCD, cathode tube, etc.)

This Technical Specification describes from an ergonomic point of view how ERTMS information shall be arranged and displayed. This Technical Specification describes more ergonomic details than currently provided by the ERTMS/ETCS/GSM-R specifications. This Technical Specification defines the ergonomics for the Driver-Machine Interface (DMI) for the ERTMS/ETCS Train Control System, and for the integrated ERTMS/GSM-R Train Control and Train Radio Systems, and for the stand alone ERTMS/GSM-R Train Radio Systems and for other technical systems currently provided on the engines. The ergonomics covers the - general arrangements (dialogue structure, sequences, layout philosophy, colour philosophy), - symbols, - audible information, - data entry arrangements. The aims of the ERTMS/ETCS/GSM-R Train Control and Train Radio Systems are standardised systems facilitating interoperable movement of trains and permitting economies of scale in procurement and operations. The objective of this Technical Specification is to define the minimum requirements on the DMI that are necessary to enable these objectives to be achieved. Hence the Technical Specification is limited to ergonomic considerations and does not define the technology to be used for the implementation. The reasons for defining the ergonomics of the DMI are as follows: - achieving harmonised and coherent presentation for ERTMS/ETCS and STM information. Given the large number of STM’s requiring the use the ERTMS/ETCS DMI, only a harmonised approach is feasible; - defining Driver-Machine Interface ergonomics that is compatible with agreed interoperable ERTMS specifications; - to reduce the risk of incorrect operation by a driver working with different trains fitted with ERTMS/ETCS and ERTMS/GSM-R; - facilitating train operation with a unified ergonomics, hence reducing the cost of driver training. This Technical Specification is applicable on all trains fitted with the ERTMS/ETCS and also for trains fitted with train radio (GSM-R) DMI. The scope of Part 3 of the Technical Specification CLC/TS 50459 series is to define ergonomic arrangements of ERTMS/GSM-R information only.

This Technical Specification describes from an ergonomic point of view how ERTMS information shall be arranged and displayed. This Technical Specification describes more ergonomic details than currently provided by the ERTMS/ETCS/GSM R specifications. This Technical Specification defines the ergonomics for the Driver-Machine Interface (DMI) for the ERTMS/ETCS Train Control System, and for the integrated ERTMS/GSM R Train Control and Train Radio Systems, and for the stand alone ERTMS/GSM R Train Radio Systems and for other technical systems currently provided on the rolling stock. The ergonomics covers the - general arrangements (dialogue structure, sequences, layout philosophy, colour philosophy), - symbols, - audible information, - data entry arrangements. The aims of the ERTMS/ETCS/GSM R Train Control and Train Radio Systems are standardised systems facilitating interoperable movement of trains and permitting economies of scale in procurement and operations. The objective of this Technical Specification is to define the minimum requirements on the DMI that are necessary to enable these objectives to be achieved. Hence the Technical Specification is limited to ergonomic considerations and does not define the technology to be used for the implementation. The reasons for defining the ergonomics of the DMI are as follows: - achieving harmonised and coherent presentation for ERTMS/ETCS and STM information. Given the large number of STM’s requiring the use the ERTMS/ETCS DMI, only a harmonised approach is feasible; - defining Driver-Machine Interface ergonomics that is compatible with agreed interoperable ERTMS specifications; - to reduce the risk of incorrect operation by a driver working with different trains fitted with ERTMS/ETCS and ERTMS/GSM R; - facilitating train operation with a unified ergonomics, hence reducing the cost of driver training. This Technical Specification is applicable on all trains fitted with the ERTMS/ETCS and also for trains fitted with train radio (GSM R) DMI. The scope of Part 1 of the Technical Specification CLC/TS 50459 series is to define ergonomic principles for the interface between the driver and ERTMS/ETCS/GSM R. This specification gives guidelines how to implement different technology (soft keys, touch screen device, LCD, cathode tube, etc.)