ISO/FDIS 20947-1

FINAL
INTERNATIONAL ISO/FDIS
DRAFT
STANDARD 20947-1
ISO/TC 133
Performance evaluation protocol for
Secretariat: SABS
digital fitting systems —
Voting begins on:
2021-04-14
Part 1:
Voting terminates on:
Accuracy of virtual human body
2021-06-09
representation
Protocole d'évaluation de la performance des systèmes d'habillage
virtuel —
Partie 1: Fidélité de la représentation du corps humain virtuel
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO
SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION
OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH
THEY ARE AWARE AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING
DOCUMENTATION.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
Reference number
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO-
ISO/FDIS 20947-1:2021(E)
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES,
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON
OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE
LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STAN-
DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. ISO 2021
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ISO/FDIS 20947-1:2021(E)
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© ISO 2021

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Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................iv

Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v

1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1

2 Normative references ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

3 Terms and definitions ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

4 Basic requirements of virtual human modelling system ........................................................................................10

4.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................10

4.2 Data import function.......................................................................................................................................................................10

4.3 Data export function .......................................................................................................................................................................10

4.4 Landmark extraction and export function ...................................................................................................................11

4.5 Function to take body dimensions data .........................................................................................................................11

4.6 Cross section creation function .............................................................................................................................................11

4.7 Visualization function ....................................................................................................................................................................11

4.8 Symmetrisation function .............................................................................................................................................................11

5 Selection of subjects .......................................................................................................................................................................................11

6 Evaluation protocol for the virtual human body based on body dimensions ....................................11

6.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................11

6.2 Virtual body dimensions .............................................................................................................................................................12

6.3 Errors in body dimensions ........................................................................................................................................................13

7 Cross sections and projection views .............................................................................................................................................13

7.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................13

7.2 Cross section ..........................................................................................................................................................................................15

7.3 Superimposed display of torso cross sections ..........................................................................................................15

7.4 Dimensions of bounding rectangles of cross sections .......................................................................................15

7.5 Front, back and side views .........................................................................................................................................................16

8 Report ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................16

8.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................16

8.2 Information on the virtual human modelling system ........................................................................................16

8.3 Availability of the recommended functions ................................................................................................................16

8.4 Information on subject population .....................................................................................................................................16

8.5 Measurement errors .......................................................................................................................................................................16

8.6 Cross sections and projection views .................................................................................................................................16

Annex A (normative) Format for report: Evaluation of a virtual human modelling system ...................17

systembased on 3D body scan data ................................................................................................................................................24

systembased on body dimension data ........................................................................................................................................30

systemfor virtual fit mannequin models ..................................................................................................................................37

Annex E (informative) Format for report: Evaluation of a virtual fit mannequin ..............................................42

Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................46

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This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 133, Clothing sizing systems - size

Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A

Digital fitting systems are used for evaluating the fit of a garment without making physical patterns

or physical garments. In a digital fitting system, a virtual garment is made using virtual patterns, and

the fit of physical garment(s) on a physical human body is assessed by draping a virtual garment on a

virtual human body or a virtual fit mannequin (fit form). Such systems are useful for designers and

manufacturers, educationalists and retailers of garments because the system helps to improve the fit

of garments and productivity. It can also be useful for consumers for assessing the fit of mass-produced

The digital fitting system enables examination of the fit of a garment by placing a virtual garment on

a virtual human body. Greater accuracy in examining the fit of the virtual garment requires a virtual

human body representing the human body accurately. There are several methods for creating the

virtual human body. The most popular is the use of a 3D body scan data of a human body, scan data

of a fit mannequin representing a specified human form and a parametric model created from body

This document defines the virtual human body system that forms the basis of the digital fitting

system. This document establishes not only the basic functional requirements of this system but also

the protocol for assessing the quality of the virtual human body. The protocol is expected to enable

users of digital fitting systems (designers, educationalists and retailers) to choose the virtual human

body system most appropriate for their purposes and, at the same time, realize easier performance

evaluation of digital fitting systems that make use of the virtual human body (including virtual fit

mannequin) model. Since the accuracy of scan-derived measurements and surface shape depends

on the accuracy of 3D body scanner system used, manual measurements are used for quantitatively

evaluating the accuracy of a virtual human body. Accuracy of scan-derived measurements should be

This document focuses on the method of quantifying the differences in body dimensions and visualizing

shape differences between the human body and a virtual human body model. This document provides

a performance evaluation protocol for virtual human body representation systems, which create

virtual human body (including virtual fit mannequin) models based on 3D body scan data and/or body

dimensions data of a human body. The required accuracy of a virtual human body depends on the

The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content

constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For

undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

ISO 18825-1, Clothing — Digital fittings — Part 1: Vocabulary and terminology used for the virtual

ISO 18825-2, Clothing — Digital fittings — Part 2: Vocabulary and terminology used for attributes of the

ISO 8559-1, Size designation of clothes — Part 1: Anthropometric definitions for body measurement

ISO 20685-1, 3-D scanning methodologies for internationally compatible anthropometric databases –

ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:

fitting system that provides qualitative and/or quantitative evaluations of overall and/or specific

simulation garment fit through analysis of the distribution of surface strain, gap between body and

garment, heat map, cross section, surface wrinkles, seam drop, garment balance, etc.

system for creating a virtual human body (3.3.2) for a specific market or individual

Note 1 to entry: Asymmetrical shape assumed to match the body shape of the individual.

virtual human model (3.3) with changeable parameters such as size and shape, etc.

Note 1 to entry: Parametric human body is created by modifying the parameters of the exemplar model imported

from the 3D model library. The exemplar models vary by country as they are based on a database. Therefore, a

parametric human body can be made on the basis of height variations, BMI (body mass index) and so on.

Note 2 to entry: The parameters of the parametric human body are presented in the parametric human body

software. The parameters of the parametric human body can be added depending on the purpose of users.

virtual clone (3.3.2.1) for digital fitting in the apparel industry, including information such as size, shape,

Note 1 to entry: Also called “fashion avatar”. In computing, an avatar is the graphical representation of the user

Note 2 to entry: The virtual human body is classified into two key types: virtual clone and virtual twin.

Note 3 to entry: In this document, virtual human body includes at least virtual clone, virtual twin and virtual fit

virtual human body (3.3.2) that is created by forming three-dimensional surface data from a 3D body

scanned, using surface modeling processes including noise elimination, hole-filling and mesh generation

Note 1 to entry: It is essential that a user be scanned first to create a virtual clone.

virtual human body (3.3.2) morphed according to body dimensions acquired either through manual or

Note 1 to entry: The virtual twin is a parametric human body (3.3.1) as it can be altered with parameters.

Note 2 to entry: The virtual twin is not identical to the user; but is a close approximation that can be altered by

Note 4 to entry: A virtual twin can be created directly from the person being scanned or as in case of most digital

[SOURCE: ISO 18825-1: 2016, 2.1.1.2.2, modified – “that is applied” has been replaced by “according to”

virtual human body (3.3.2) that represents an actual human body model in digital format used for

Note 1 to entry: The model is used for draping simulation (3D form and design realization for example) and

Note 1 to entry: In a virtual standing position, the head is in the Frankfurt plane, the long axes of the feet should

be parallel to one another and 200 mm apart. The upper arms are abducted to form a 20° angle with the sides

of the torso and the elbows are straight. But the palms face toward the torso. This position shall be used for

closed contour extracted from the plane cutting a virtual body segment perpendicular to its main axis

Note 2 to entry: The main axis is the axis that connects the joints on either side of the virtual body segment.

points that define the characteristic of the body shape of the user in the virtual standing position (3.4)

Note 1 to entry: For example, points of bone prominence, peak points on a convex or concave surface, or points

Note 2 to entry: On a physical body, a virtual fit mannequin or a physical fit mannequin, the landmarks and the

Note 3 to entry: Some of the landmarks are evaluated in terms of their levels in this document (see Table 1).

Note 4 to entry: When a physical body or a physical fit mannequin is 3D scanned, markers for the landmarks can

most posterior point at the back neck-base on the midsagittal plane with the virtual human body (3.3.2)

most lateral point of the shoulder ridge line passing through the cross section covering the middle plane

of the torso and arm with the virtual human body (3.3.2) in the virtual standing position (3.4)

lowest point under the axillary passing through the cross section between the torso and arm with the

most anterior point of the bust with the virtual human body (3.3.2) in the virtual standing position (3.4)

lowest point or its level under the bust projection with the virtual human body (3.3.2) in the virtual

[SOURCE: ISO 18825-2:2016, 2.1.11, modified — "or its level" has been added, Note 1 to entry has been

midway between the levels of the virtual underbust point and virtual side waist point

Note 2 to entry: [SOURCE: ISO 8559-1:2017, 3.1.21, modified — Term and definition modified to apply to the

most concave point or its level of the (right) side waist when viewed from the front with the virtual

point of the back waist on the midsagittal plane at the level of the virtual side waist point (3.6.7) with the

midway between the level of the virtual side waist point and virtual side hip point

[SOURCE: ISO 8559-1:2017, 3.1.24, modified — Term and definition modified to apply to the virtual

most posterior point of the hip when viewed from the front when the virtual human body (3.3.2) is in a

[SOURCE: ISO 18825-2:2016, 2.1.15, modified — “when viewed from the front” has been added.]

lowest point of the torso on the midsagittal plane with the virtual human body (3.3.2) in the virtual

most concave point on the sagittal plane passing through the virtual hip point (3.6.10) between hip and

thigh or its level with the virtual human body (3.3.2) in the virtual standing position (3.4)

most concave point of the extended line of the little finger passing through the cross section between

the arm and hand with the virtual human body (3.3.2) in the virtual standing position (3.4)

intersection point of the concave contour line at the neck-base passing through the shoulder ridge line

lowest point or level of the posterior calcaneus with the virtual human body (3.3.2) in the virtual standing

Note 1 to entry: The virtual landing heel point can reach the floor or the top of the shoe heel.

[SOURCE: ISO 18825-2:2016, 2.1.26, modified — "or level" has been added, Note 1 to entry has been

size information on virtual body segments of the virtual human body (3.3.2) that corresponds to

measured anthropometric dimensions of the user in the virtual standing position (3.4)

horizontal girth of the torso passing through the virtual axilla point (3.6.3) with the virtual human body

horizontal girth of the torso passing through the virtual bust point (3.6.4) with the virtual human body

horizontal girth of the torso passing through the virtual underbust point (3.6.5) with the virtual human

horizontal girth of the torso passing through the virtual side waist point (3.6.7) with the virtual human

horizontal girth of the torso passing through the virtual hip point (3.6.10) with the virtual human body

horizontal girth of the leg at the level of virtual gluteal fold point (3.6.12) with the virtual human body

[SOURCE: ISO 18825-2:2016, 2.2.23, modified — "virtual crotch point" has been changed to "virtual

vertical distance between the virtual landing heel point (3.6.16) and virtual axilla point (3.6.3) with the

vertical distance between the virtual landing heel point (3.6.16) and virtual bust point (3.6.4) with the

vertical distance between the virtual landing heel point (3.6.16) and virtual underbust point (3.6.5) with

vertical distance between the virtual landing heel point (3.6.16) and virtual side waist point (3.6.7) with

vertical distance between the virtual landing heel point (3.6.16) and virtual hip point (3.6.10) with the

vertical distance between the virtual landing heel point (3.6.16) and virtual gluteal fold point (3.6.12)