ISO/FDIS 18669-1
(Main)Internal combustion engines -- Piston pins
Internal combustion engines -- Piston pins
Moteurs à combustion interne -- Axes de pistons
General Information
RELATIONS
Standards Content (sample)
FINAL
INTERNATIONAL ISO/FDIS
DRAFT
STANDARD 18669-1
ISO/TC 22/SC 34
Internal combustion engines — Piston
Secretariat: ANSI
pins —
Voting begins on:
2021-05-12
Part 1:
Voting terminates on:
General specifications
2021-07-07
Moteurs à combustion interne — Axes de pistons —
Partie 1: Spécifications générales
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Reference number
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO-
ISO/FDIS 18669-1:2021(E)
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES,
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON
OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE
LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STAN-
DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. ISO 2021
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ISO/FDIS 18669-1:2021(E)
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© ISO 2021
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ii © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
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ISO/FDIS 18669-1:2021(E)
Contents Page
Foreword ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v
1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative references ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms and definitions ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3.2 Geometrical and manufacturing features of piston pins .................................................................................... 1
3.2.1 Bore types .............................................................................................................................................................................. 1
3.2.2 Outside-edge configurations ................................................................................................................................. 2
3.2.3 Other features ..................................................................................................................................................................... 3
4 Symbols .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
5 Nomenclature .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
5.1 Outside, inside and end features ............................................................................................................................................. 4
5.2 Outside edge and inside chamfer configurations ...................................................................................................... 6
5.2.1 Chamfered outside-edge configuration ........................................................................................................ 6
5.2.2 Double-chamfered outside-edge configuration .................................................................................... 6
5.2.3 Radiused outside-edge configuration ............................................................................................................ 7
5.2.4 Chamfer-locking outside-edge configuration ......................................................................................... 7
5.3 Outside-edge drop-off configuration ................................................................................................................................... 8
6 Codes ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 9
7 Designation of piston pins .......................................................................................................................................................................10
7.1 Designation elements and order ..........................................................................................................................................10
7.1.1 Mandatory elements ..................................................................................................................................................10
7.1.2 Additional elements ...................................................................................................................................................10
7.2 Designation examples ....................................................................................................................................................................10
8 Piston pin types, dimensions and tolerances ......................................................................................................................11
8.1 Manufacturing types .......................................................................................................................................................................11
8.2 Dimensions and tolerances .......................................................................................................................................................11
8.2.1 Outside diameter and form and location tolerances .....................................................................11
8.2.2 Inside diameter tolerance .....................................................................................................................................13
8.2.3 Length (l ) and gauge length (l ) tolerances ........................................................................................13
1 58.2.4 Outside-edge form .......................................................................................................................................................14
8.2.5 Inside-edge profile ......................................................................................................................................................15
8.2.6 Tapered bore dimensions ......................................................................................................................................16
8.2.7 Centre-web dimensions (see Figure 17) ..................................................................................................18
9 Material and heat treatment .................................................................................................................................................................18
9.1 Type of material ..................................................................................................................................................................................18
9.2 Core hardness l core strength .................................................................................................................................................19
9.3 Carburised and nitrided case depth ..................................................................................................................................20
9.4 Surface hardness ................................................................................................................................................................................21
9.5 Volume change .....................................................................................................................................................................................21
10 Common features ..............................................................................................................................................................................................22
10.1 Roughness of surfaces ...................................................................................................................................................................22
10.1.1 Roughness of machined surfaces ....................................................................................................................22
10.1.2 Roughness of coated surfaces ............................................................................................................................22
10.1.3 Roughness of extruded and seamless drawn bore surfaces ....................................................23
10.2 Marking of piston pins ...................................................................................................................................................................23
10.3 Miscellaneous ........................................................................................................................................................................................23
10.3.1 Cleanliness .........................................................................................................................................................................23
10.3.2 Corrosion protection .................................................................................................................................................23
10.3.3 Residual magnetism ...................................................................................................................................................23
10.3.4 Packaging.............................................................................................................................................................................23
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ISO/FDIS 18669-1:2021(E)
11 Quality requirements ...................................................................................................................................................................................24
11.1 Material characteristics ................................................................................................................................................................24
11.1.1 Decarburisation .............................................................................................................................................................24
11.1.2 Cementite network .....................................................................................................................................................24
11.1.3 Nitride coating ................................................................................................................................................................24
11.1.4 Grinder burn .....................................................................................................................................................................24
11.2 Material defects ...................................................................................................................................................................................24
11.2.1 Cracks .....................................................................................................................................................................................24
11.2.2 Forming streaks .............................................................................................................................................................24
11.3 Visual defects .........................................................................................................................................................................................25
Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................26
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ISO/FDIS 18669-1:2021(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 22, Road vehicles, Subcommittee SC 34,
Propulsion, powertrain and powertrain fluids.This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 18669-1:2013), which has been
technically revised.The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— Clause 2 added,
— Table 4 “Waviness” added,
— Table 18 “Roughness machined surfaces” changed,
— Subclause 10.1.2 “Roughness of coated surfaces” added,
— Table 21 “Visual defects” changed,
— editorial changes.
A list of all parts in the ISO 18669 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved v
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FINAL DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/FDIS 18669-1:2021(E)
Internal combustion engines — Piston pins —
Part 1:
General specifications
1 Scope
This document specifies the essential dimensional characteristics of piston pins with a nominal outer
diameter from 8 mm up to and including 100 mm, for reciprocating internal combustion engines for
road vehicles and other applications. In certain applications, except road vehicles, and provided that
mutual agreement is made between the customer and the manufacturer, this document can be used
with suitable modifications.In addition, it establishes a vocabulary, a pin-type classification, material description based on
mechanical properties, common features and quality requirements.The use of this document can require a manufacturer and customer statistical process control
agreement.2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1 General
3.1.1
piston pin
precision cylindrical component that connects the piston to the connecting rod and has a smooth hard
peripheral surface3.2 Geometrical and manufacturing features of piston pins
3.2.1 Bore types
3.2.1.1
cylindrical bore
pin having a straight cylindrical bore
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ISO/FDIS 18669-1:2021(E)
3.2.1.2
centre web
pin bore with centre web
pin inside diameter formed symmetrically from each end leaving a web in the pin centre
Note 1 to entry: The web is subsequently removed leaving a step as shown in Figure 3.
3.2.1.3tapered bore
pin with conical-shaped inside diameter near the ends that reduces the weight of the piston pin (3.1.1)
3.2.1.4machined bore
pin with inside diameter produced solely by machining
3.2.1.5
seamless drawn tube
hollow steel product which does not contain any line junctures resulting from the method of
manufacture3.2.1.6
end web
pin bore with end web
pin inner diameter formed from one end leaving a web near the opposite end
Note 1 to entry: The web is punched out. The pin is then drawn over a mandrel and a forming line may result as
shown in Figure 4.3.2.2 Outside-edge configurations
3.2.2.1
chamfer
outside-edge bevelled feature that is sometimes used to mate with a round retainer ring
Note 1 to entry: Referred to as “locking chamfer” when a round wire retainer ring is located on the chamfer angle
and used to secure the pin in the piston.3.2.2.2
outside-edge form angle
region of outside-edge form that provides a smooth transition to the peripheral surface to facilitate
ease of assembly3.2.2.3
outside-edge form angle end face
region of outside-edge form that provides a smooth transition to the end face
3.2.2.4
drop-off
non-functional machining feature that creates a transition between the outside edge and the peripheral
surfaceNote 1 to entry: See Figure 12.
3.2.2.5
inside-edge chamfer
bevelled edge between the bore surface and the end faces of the piston pin (3.1.1)
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ISO/FDIS 18669-1:2021(E)
3.2.2.6
gauge point
locating point on the pin outside-edge chamfer (3.2.2.1) from where the gauge diameter (d ) and gauge
length (l ) are measured3.2.3 Other features
3.2.3.1
volume change
change detected as a permanent outside-diameter dimensional deviation at reference temperature
after being heated to a test temperature for a specified period of time3.2.3.2
slag line
linear flaw of non-metallic inclusions
4 Symbols
Symbol Description
a Wall thickness
b Outside-edge drop-off length
c Outside-edge drop-off height
d Outside diameter
d Inside diameter
d Tapered bore diameter
d Centre-web diameter
d Gauge diameter
d End face diameter
e Tapered bore runout
f Outside-edge length
g Outside-edge chamfer length
H Limit hardness
h End face concavity
h End face step
k Tapered bore relief
l Length
l Tapered bore length
l Centre-web length
l Gauge length
r Outside-edge radius
R Core strength
s End face runout
t Inside-edge chamfer length
t Outside-edge form length
α Tapered bore angle
β Outside-edge chamfer angle
γ Outside-edge form angle end face
δ Outside-edge form angle
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ISO/FDIS 18669-1:2021(E)
5 Nomenclature
5.1 Outside, inside and end features
Terms commonly used to describe pins with a cylindrical bore are shown in Figure 1.
Key1 end face
2 bore surface
3 peripheral surface
d outside diameter
d inside diameter
l length
a wall thickness
For detail W see Figure 2.
Figure 1 — Pin with cylindrical bore
Terms commonly used to describe end face concavity are shown in Figure 2a).
Terms commonly used to describe end face step are shown in Figure 2b).
a) End face concavity b) End face step
Key
h end face concavity
h end face step
d end face diameter
End face concavity and end face step are not recommended for end face locking.
Figure 2 — Detail W of Figure 1
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ISO/FDIS 18669-1:2021(E)
Terms commonly used to describe pins with a centre web are shown in Figure 3.
Key
1 centre-web radius
l centre-web length
d centre-web diameter
Figure 3 — Pin with cold-formed centre web
Terms commonly used to describe pins with a cold-formed end web are shown in Figure 4.
Key1 end-web forming line
Figure 4 — Pin with cold-formed end web
Terms commonly used to describe pins with a tapered bore are shown in Figure 5.
Key
1 tapered bore surface
α tapered bore angle
d tapered bore diameter
l tapered bore length
Figure 5 — Pin with tapered bore
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ISO/FDIS 18669-1:2021(E)
5.2 Outside edge and inside chamfer configurations
Terms commonly used to describe the outside edge and inside chamfer configurations are shown in
Figure 6.Key
1 outside-edge chamfer or radius
2 inside-edge chamfer
t inside-edge chamfer length
For detail X see Figures 7 and 8.
For detail Y see Figure 9.
NOTE This can be used with either a round or rectangular retainer ring.
Figure 6 — Outside-edge configuration (detail X: chamfered; detail Y: radiused)
5.2.1 Chamfered outside-edge configuration
Terms commonly used to describe the chamfered outside-edge configuration are shown in Figure 7.
Keyf outside-edge length
β outside-edge chamfer angle
Figure 7 — Chamfered configuration (detail X of Figure 6)
5.2.2 Double-chamfered outside-edge configuration
Terms commonly used to describe double-chamfered outside-edge configurations are shown in
Figure 8. The double chamfer is for assembly improvements of the piston pin.6 © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
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ISO/FDIS 18669-1:2021(E)
Key
f outside-edge length
g outside-edge chamfer length
δ outside-edge form angle
β outside-edge chamfer angle
Figure 8 — Double-chamfered configuration (detail X of Figure 6)
5.2.3 Radiused outside-edge configuration
Terms commonly used to describe radiused outside-edge configurations are shown in Figure 9.
Keyr outside-edge radius
f outside-edge length
δ outside-edge form angle
Figure 9 — Radiused configuration (detail Y of Figure 6)
5.2.4 Chamfer-locking outside-edge configuration
Terms commonly used to describe chamfer-locking outside-edge configurations are shown in Figures 10
and 11.© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved 7
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ISO/FDIS 18669-1:2021(E)
Key
1 gauge points
l gauge length
d gauge diameter
For detail Z see Figure 11.
Figure 10 — Chamfer-locking outside-edge for round retainer ring
Key
1 gauge point
g outside-edge chamfer length
f outside-edge length
l gauge length
d gauge diameter
δ outside-edge form angle
β outside-edge chamfer angle
Figure 11 — Detail Z of Figure 10
5.3 Outside-edge drop-off configuration
Terms commonly used to describe outside-edge drop-off configurations are shown in Figure 12 a),
12 b) and 12 c).The outside-edge drop-off is for manufacturing purposes and is therefore a chamfer that is very small
in height but long in length.8 © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
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ISO/FDIS 18669-1:2021(E)
a) Chamfered edge and drop-off b) Double-chamfered edge and c) Radiused edge and drop-
drop-off offKey
b outside-edge drop-off length
c outside-edge drop-off height
g outside-edge chamfer length
f outside-edge length
δ outside-edge form angle
β outside-edge chamfer angle
Figure 12 — Drop-off configurations (detail X and Y of Figure 6)
6 Codes
Codes used for piston pins shall be as given in Table 1 with their explanatory descriptions.
Table 1 — Codes and descriptionsRelevant sub-
Code Description clause of this
document
P1…P6 Pin-type classification according to manufacturing method of the pin centre hole 8.1
X Piston pins in combination with needle bearing 9.3F1, F2, F3 Outside-edge configuration tolerance class 8.2.4
K Carburising steel class K 9.1 / 9.2
S Carburising steel class S 9.1 / 9.2
L Carburising steel class L 9.1 / 9.2
M Carburising steel class M 9.1 / 9.2
N Nitriding steel class N 9.1 / 9.2
V Piston pins with limited volume change 9.3 / 9.4 / 9.5
H1, H2 Surface hardness class 9.4
R1, R2 Peripheral surface roughness class 10.1.1
G Chamfer-locking outside-edge configuration (gauge point) 7.2 / 8.2.4
R Outside-edge radiused 8.2.4 / 7.1.2
C1 Outside-edge chamfered 8.2.4
C2 Outside-edge double chamfered 8.2.4
LA, LB Length tolerance class 8.2.3
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ISO/FDIS 18669-1:2021(E)
Table 1 (continued)
Relevant sub-
Code Description clause of this
document
MM Manufacturer’s mark 10.2
TC Piston pins with bore surface cold formed 8.2.6
7 Designation of piston pins
7.1 Designation elements and order
To designate piston pins, the following details shall be given, in the order shown below. The codes given
in Table 1 shall be used.7.1.1 Mandatory elements
The following mandatory elements shall constitute the designation of a piston pin:
— designation, i.e. piston pin;— number of International Standard: ISO 18669-1;
— type of piston pin, e.g. P1;
— hyphen;
— size of piston pin, d × d × l or d / d − α × d × l for a pin with tapered bore;
1 2 1 1 3 2 1— hyphen;
— material code, e.g. L.
7.1.2 Additional elements
The following optional elements may be added to the designation of a piston pin; in this case they shall
be separated from the mandatory elements by a slash (/):— code for outside-edge configuration, e.g. R, C1, C2, G;
— size of chamfer-locking gauge dimensions, d × l × β when code G is specified;
5 5
— code for limited volume change, V;
— code for surface hardness, H1, H2;
— code for surface roughness, R1, R2.
7.2 Designation examples
The following are examples of piston pin designation in accordance with this document.
EXAMPLE 1 Designation of a piston pin complying with the requirements of this document, manufacturing
type P5 (P5) of outside diameter d = 20 mm (20), inside diameter d = 11 mm (11) and length l = 50 mm (50)
1 2 1made of carburising steel, class L (L) with double chamfered outside-edge configuration (C2), selected chamfer-
locking outside-edge configuration (G) of gauge diameter d = 18,9 mm (18,9), gauge length l = 49 mm (49) and
5 5outside-edge chamfer angle β = 45° (45), limited volume change (V), class 2 surface hardness (H2) and class 1
roughness on peripheral surface (R1). Parameters in parenthesis are used in the ISO piston pin designation:
Piston pin ISO 18669-P5, 20 × 11 × 50-L / C2 G-18,9 × 49 × 45 V H2 R1.10 © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
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ISO/FDIS 18669-1:2021(E)
EXAMPLE 2 Designation of a piston pin complying with the requirements of this document, manufacturing
type P2 (P2) of outside diameter d = 22 mm (22), tapered bore diameter d = 18 mm (18), tapered bore angle
1 3α = 20 (20), inside diameter d = 12 mm (12) and length l = 60 mm (60) made of nitriding steel, class (N).
2 1Parameters in parenthesis are used in the ISO piston pin designation:
Piston pin ISO 18669-P2, 22/18-20 × 12 × 60-N.
8 Piston pin types, dimensions and tolerances
8.1 Manufacturing types
See Table 2.
Table 2 — Piston pin manufacturing types
Permissible manufacturing methods
Manufacturing
Cold-formed Seamless
code
Machined Cold-formed
centre web drawn tube
P1 x x x X
P2 x x x no
P3 no x x no
P4 x x no no
P5 no x no no
P6 x no no no
8.2 Dimensions and tolerances
8.2.1 Outside diameter and form and location tolerances
Terms commonly used to describe outside-edge drop-off configurations are shown in Figure 13a), 13b)
and 13c).© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved 11
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ISO/FDIS 18669-1:2021(E)
a) Chamfered edge and drop-off b) Double-chamfered edge and c) Radiused edge and drop-
drop-off offKey
b outside-edge drop-off length
c outside-edge drop-off height
f outside-edge length
g outside-edge chamfer length
δ outside-edge form angle
β outside-edge chamfer angle
See Figure 14.
Figure 13 — Drop-off configurations (detail X and Y of Figure 6)
Table 3 shows the outside diameter tolerances and the permissible cylindricity, circularity and edge
drop-off.Table 3 — Outside diameter (d ) and form and location
...
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