IEC TR 61340-1:2012
(Main)Electrostatics - Part 1: Electrostatic phenomena - Principles and measurements
Electrostatics - Part 1: Electrostatic phenomena - Principles and measurements
IEC/TR 61340-1:2012 describes the fundamental principles of electrostatic phenomena including charge generation, retention and dissipation and electrostatic discharges. Methods for measuring electrostatic phenomena and related properties of materials are described in a general way. Hazards and problems associated with electrostatic phenomena and principles of their control are outlined. Useful applications of electrostatic effects are summarized. The purpose of this technical report is to serve as a reference for the development of electrostatics related standards, and to provide guidance for their end-users. The contents of the corrigendum of March 2013 and the corrigendum 2 of December 2017 have been included in this copy.
Electrostatique - Partie 1: Phénomènes électrostatiques - Principes et mesures
La CEI/TR 61340-1:2012 qui est un rapport technique, décrit les principes fondamentaux relatifs aux phénomènes électrostatiques, comprenant la génération, le maintien et la dissipation de la charge, et les décharges électrostatiques. Les méthodes de mesure des phénomènes électrostatiques et des propriétés associées des matériaux sont décrites de manière générale. Les dangers et les problèmes liés aux phénomènes électrostatiques ainsi que les principes de leur contrôle sont présentés dans les grandes lignes. Des applications utiles des effets électrostatiques sont résumées. Le présent rapport technique est destinée à servir de référence pour l'élaboration de normes relatives aux phénomènes électrostatiques et de guide pour l'utilisateur final. Le contenu du corrigendum de mars 2013 et de décembre 2017 a été pris en considération dans cet exemplaire.
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IEC TR 61340-1 ®
Edition 1.1 2020-06
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Electrostatics –
Part 1: Electrostatic phenomena – Principles and measurements
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IEC TR 61340-1 ®
Edition 1.1 2020-06
CONSOLIDATED VERSION
TECHNICAL
REPORT
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inside
Electrostatics –
Part 1: Electrostatic phenomena – Principles and measurements
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
ICS 17.220.99; 29.020 ISBN 978-2-8322-8521-3
IEC TR 61340-1 ®
Edition 1.1 2020-06
REDLINE VERSION
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inside
Electrostatics –
Part 1: Electrostatic phenomena – Principles and measurements
– 2 – IEC TR 61340-1:2012+AMD1:2020 CSV
© IEC 2020
CONTENTS
1 Scope . 7
2 Normative references . 7
3 Terms and definitions . 8
4 Fundamentals of static electricity . 10
4.1 General . 10
4.2 Contact electrification . 11
4.3 Charging by induction . 12
4.4 Charge transfer by conduction . 13
4.5 Retention of charge . 13
4.6 Influence of environmental humidity . 15
4.6.1 General . 15
4.6.2 In situ measurements . 15
4.7 Electrostatic discharges . 15
4.7.1 General . 15
4.7.2 Spark discharges . 15
4.7.3 Corona discharges . 16
4.7.4 Brush discharges . 16
4.7.5 Propagating brush discharges . 16
4.7.6 Cone discharges . 17
4.8 Mechanical forces in an electrostatic field . 17
5 Electrostatic problems and hazards . 18
5.1 General . 18
5.2 Electronic components and systems . 18
5.2.1 General . 18
5.2.2 Types of failure . 18
5.2.3 Problems and threats at different life cycle periods . 19
5.3 Electrostatic ignition – Hazards . 20
5.3.1 General . 20
5.3.2 Spark discharges from conducting objects . 20
5.3.3 Corona discharges from conducting objects . 20
5.3.4 Brush discharges from insulating surfaces . 20
5.3.5 Propagating brush discharges from insulating surfaces . 21
5.3.6 Discharges from people . 21
5.3.7 Ignition potential of electrostatic discharges . 21
5.4 Physiological sensation . 23
5.5 Simulation of electrostatic discharges. 24
5.5.1 General . 24
5.5.2 Capacitive discharges for ignition energy measurements . 25
5.5.3 Human body model . 25
5.5.4 Machine model . 25
5.5.5 Charged device model . 25
6 General solutions to problems and hazards . 26
6.1 General . 26
6.2 Common approaches. 26
7 Useful applications of electrostatic effects . 27
8 General aspects of measurements . 28
© IEC 2020
8.1 General . 28
8.2 Electric field . 28
8.2.1 General . 28
8.2.2 Application . 29
8.3 Potential . 29
8.3.1 General . 29
8.3.2 Surface voltage . 30
8.3.3 Space potential . 30
8.4 Charge . 31
8.5 Charge density . 31
8.5.1 Surface charge density . 31
8.5.2 Volume charge density . 32
8.6 Charge decay . 32
8.7 Resistance and resistivity . 33
8.8 Chargeability . 33
8.9 Current . 34
8.10 Energy in capacitive discharges . 34
8.11 Ignition energy . 35
8.11.1 General . 35
8.11.2 Equivalent energy . 35
8.12 Charge transferred in electrostatic discharges . 36
8.12.1 General . 36
8.12.2 Discharge electrode . 37
8.12.3 Measuring circuit . 38
8.12.4 Alternative charge transfer measuring arrangements . 38
8.13 Capacitance . 38
8.14 Electric strength . 39
Figure 1 – Charging by induction . 13
Figure 2 – Charge transfer by conduction when objects 1 and 2 are conductors. 13
Figure 3 – Equivalent electrical circuit for an electrostatically charged conductor . 14
Figure 4 – Examples of brush discharge waveforms measured with a fast digital
storage oscilloscope . 23
Figure 5 – Circuit for simulation of electrostatic discharges . 24
Figure 6 – Basic arrangements for measuring charge transferred in electrostatic
discharges with alternative measuring circuits . 37
Figure 7 – Oscilloscope voltage/time traces . 38
Table 1 – Example of triboelectric series. 12
Table 2 – Typical electrical capacitances . 16
Table 3 – Typical perception levels and physical responses of people to discharges
based on a body capacitance of 200 pF . 24
Table 4 – Typical values used in ESD simulation models . 26
– 4 – IEC TR 61340-1:2012+AMD1:2020 CSV
© IEC 2020
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
_____________
ELECTROSTATICS –
Part 1: Electrostatic phenomena –
Principles and measurements
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications,
Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC
Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested
in the sub
...
IEC/TR 61340-1 ®
Edition 1.0 2012-06
TECHNICAL
REPORT
RAPPORT
TECHNIQUE
Electrostatics –
Part 1: Electrostatic phenomena – Principles and measurements
Electrostatique –
Partie 1: Phénomènes électrostatiques – Principes et mesures
IEC/TR 61340-1:2012
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from
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About the IEC
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International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies.
About IEC publications
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latest edition, a corrigenda or an amendment might have been published.
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IEC/TR 61340-1 ®
Edition 1.0 2012-06
TECHNICAL
REPORT
RAPPORT
TECHNIQUE
Electrostatics –
Part 1: Electrostatic phenomena – Principles and measurements
Electrostatique –
Partie 1: Phénomènes électrostatiques – Principes et mesures
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
PRICE CODE
INTERNATIONALE
CODE PRIX X
ICS 17.200.99; 29.020 ISBN 978-2-83220-195-4
– 2 – TR 61340-1 IEC:2012
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 5
INTRODUCTION . 7
1 Scope . 8
2 Normative references . 8
3 Terms and definitions . 9
4 Fundamentals of static electricity . 11
4.1 General . 11
4.2 Contact electrification . 12
4.3 Charging by induction . 13
4.4 Charge transfer by conduction . 14
4.5 Retention of charge . 14
4.6 Influence of environmental humidity . 16
4.6.1 General . 16
4.6.2 In situ measurements . 16
4.7 Electrostatic discharges . 16
4.7.1 General . 16
4.7.2 Spark discharges . 16
4.7.3 Corona discharges . 17
4.7.4 Brush discharges . 17
4.7.5 Propagating brush discharges . 17
4.7.6 Cone discharges . 18
4.8 Mechanical forces in an electrostatic field . 18
5 Electrostatic problems and hazards . 19
5.1 General . 19
5.2 Electronic components and systems . 19
5.2.1 General . 19
5.2.2 Types of failure . 19
5.2.3 Problems and threats at different life cycle periods . 20
5.3 Electrostatic ignition – Hazards . 21
5.3.1 General . 21
5.3.2 Spark discharges from conducting objects . 21
5.3.3 Corona discharges from conducting objects . 21
5.3.4 Brush discharges from insulating surfaces . 21
5.3.5 Propagating brush discharges from insulating surfaces . 22
5.3.6 Discharges from people . 22
5.3.7 Ignition potential of electrostatic discharges . 22
5.4 Physiological sensation . 24
5.5 Simulation of electrostatic discharges. 25
5.5.1 General . 25
5.5.2 Capacitive discharges for ignition energy measurements . 26
5.5.3 Human body model . 26
5.5.4 Machine model . 26
5.5.5 Charged device model . 26
6 General solutions to problems and hazards . 27
TR 61340-1 IEC:2012 – 3 –
6.1 General . 27
6.2 Common approaches. 27
7 Useful applications of electrostatic effects . 28
8 General aspects of measurements . 29
8.1 General . 29
8.2 Electric field . 29
8.2.1 General . 29
8.2.2 Application . 30
8.3 Potential . 30
8.3.1 General . 30
8.3.2 Surface voltage . 30
8.3.3 Space potential . 31
8.4 Charge . 31
8.5 Charge density . 32
8.5.1 Surface charge density . 32
8.5.2 Volume charge density . 32
8.6 Charge decay . 33
8.7 Resistance and resistivity . 34
8.8 Chargeability . 34
8.9 Current . 35
8.10 Energy in capacitive discharges . 35
8.11 Ignition energy . 36
8.11.1 General . 36
8.11.2 Equivalent energy . 36
8.12 Charge transferred in electrostatic discharges . 37
8.12.1 General . 37
8.12.2 Discharge electrode . 38
8.12.3 Measuring circuit . 39
8.12.4 Alternative charge transfer measuring arrangements . 39
8.13 Capacitance . 39
8.14 Electric strength . 40
Bibliography . 41
Figure 1 – Charging by induction . 14
Figure 2 – Charge transfer by conduction when objects 1 and 2 are conductors.
...
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